Abstract
Pogonophora, also known as Siboglinidae, are tube-dwelling marine annelids. They rely on endosymbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria for nutrition and their anatomy and physiology are adapted to their need to obtain both oxygen and reduced sulphur compounds. Frenulate pogonophores are generally long and slender, sediment-living tubeworms; vestimentiferans are stouter, inhabitants of hydrothermal vents and cool seeps; and moniliferans or sclerolinids are very slender inhabitants of decaying wood and sulphidic sediments. The anatomy and ultrastructure of the three groups are compared and recent publications are reviewed. Annelid characters are the presence of chaetae and septa, concentrated at the hind end. The adaptations to a specialised way of life include, in particular, the chitinous tube; the anterior appendages that function as gills; the internal tissue called the trophosome, where the endosymbiotic bacteria live; and the blood vascular system that transports oxygen, sulphide and carbon dioxide to the trophosome.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
W. Almeida O. de M. L. Christoffersen D. de S. Amorim A. R. S. Garraffoni G. S. Silva (2003) ArticleTitlePolychaeta, Annelida, and Articulata are not monophyletic: articulating the Metameria (Metazoa, Coelomata) Revista Brasileira Zoologia 20 23–57
A. C. Andersen L. Hamraoui D. Zaoui (2001) ArticleTitleThe obturaculum of Riftia pachyptila (Annelida, Vestimentifera): ultrastructure and function of the obturacular muscles and extracellular matrix Cahiers de Biologie Marine 42 219–237
A. C. Andersen S. Jollivet S. Claudinot F. H. Lallier (2002) ArticleTitleBiometry of the branchial plume in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera; Annelida) Canadian Journal of Zoology 80 320–332 Occurrence Handle10.1139/z02-005
A. J. Arp J. J. Childress R. D. Vetter (1987) ArticleTitleThe sulphide-binding protein in the blood of the vestimentiferan tubeworm Riftia pachyptila is the extracellular haemoglobin Journal of Experimental Biology 128 139–158 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXkvFertLo%3D
X. Bailly R. Leroy S. Carney O. Collin F. Zal A. Toulmond D. Jollivet (2003) ArticleTitleThe loss of the haemoglobin H2S binding function in annelids from sulfide-free habitats reveals molecular adaptation driven by Darwinian positive selection Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100 5885–5890 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.1037686100 Occurrence Handle12721359 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjvFOlsbg%3D
T. Bakke (1976) ArticleTitleThe early embryos of Siboglinum fiordicum Webb (Pogonophora) reared in the laboratory Sarsia 60 1–12
T. Bartolomaeus (1995) ArticleTitleStructure and formation of the uncini in Pectinaria koreni, Pectinaria auricoma (Terebellida) and Spirorbis spirorbis (Sabellida): implications for annelid phylogeny and the position of the Pogonophora Zoomorphology 115 161–177 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00403171
T. Bartolomaeus K. Meyer (1997) ArticleTitleDevelopment and phylogenetic significance of hooked setae in Arenicolidae Invertebrate Biology 116 227–242
J. Blackwell K. D. Parker K. M. Rudall (1965) ArticleTitleChitin in pogonophore tubes Journal of Marine Biological Association of the UK 45 51–54
C. Bosch P. P. Grassé (1984a) ArticleTitleCycle partiel des bactéries chimioautotrophes symbiotiques et leurs rapports avec les bacteriocytes chez Riftia pachyptila Jones (Pogonophore Vestimentifère) I. Le trophosome et les bacteriocytes. Compte Rendu Lebdomaire des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris (Ser. III) 299 371–376
C. Bosch P. P. Grassé (1984b) ArticleTitleCycle partiel des bactéries chimioautotrophes symbiotiques et leurs rapports avec les bacteriocytes chez Riftia pachyptila Jones (Pogonophore Vestimentifère) II. L’evolution des bactéries symbiotiques et des bacteriocytes. Compte Rendu Lebdomaire des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris (Ser. III) 299 413–419
J. Breton-Gorius (1963) ArticleTitleEtude au microscope électronique des cellules chloragogènes d’Arenicola marina L Leur rôle dans la synthèse de l’hémoglobine Annales des Sciences Naturelles 5 211–271
M. Bright A. Sorgo (2003) ArticleTitleUltrastructural reinvestigation of the trophosome in adults of Riftia pachhyptila (Annelida, Siboglinidae) Invertebrate Biology 122 347–368
M. Bright H. Keckeis C. R. Fisher (2000) ArticleTitleAn autoradiographic examination of carbon fixation, transfer, and utilization in the Riftia pachyptila symbiosis Marine Biology 136 621–632 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s002270050722
P. J. C. Brunet D. B. Carlisle (1958) ArticleTitleChitin in Pogonophora Nature 182 1689 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaG1MXht1Ggtr4%3D
P. Callsen-Cencic H. J. Flügel (1995) ArticleTitleLarval development and the formation of the gut of Siboglinum poseidoni Flügel & Langhof (Pogonophora, Perviata), evidence of protostomian affinity Sarsia 80 73–89
D. B. Carlisle (1964) ArticleTitleChitin in a Cambrian fossil, Hyolithellus Biochemical Journal 90 1963–1964
S. C. Cary W. Warren W. E. Anderson S. J. Giovannoni (1993) ArticleTitleIdentification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ amplification techniques Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 2 51–62 Occurrence Handle8364689 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXlslCrtbw%3D
M. Caullery (1914) ArticleTitleSur les Siboglinidae, type nouveau d’invértebrés recuelli par l’expédition du Siboga Compte Rendu Lebdomaire des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris 158 2014–2017
C. M. Cavanaugh S. L. Gardiner M. L. Jones H. W. Jannasch J. B. Waterbury (1981) ArticleTitleProkaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: Possible chemoautotrophic symbionts Science 213 340–342 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXkslOgtr8%3D Occurrence Handle17819907
L. Chamoy M. Nicolai B. Quennedey F. Gaill J. Delachambre (2000) ArticleTitleCharacterization of a cDNA encoding RP43, a CUB-domain-containing protein from the tube of Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera), and distribution of its transcript Biochemical Journal 350 421–427 Occurrence Handle10.1042/0264-6021:3500421 Occurrence Handle10947956 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmvVGksb0%3D
L. Chamoy M. Nicolai J. Ravaux B. Quennedey F Gaill J. Delachambre (2001) ArticleTitleA novel chitin-binding protein from the vestimentiferan Riftia pachyptila interacts specifically with beta-chitin: Cloning, expression, and characterization Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 8051–8058 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.M009244200 Occurrence Handle11113138 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXitFKgsrY%3D
J. J. Childress C. R. Fisher (1992) ArticleTitleThe biology of hydrothermal vent animals: physiology, biochemistry and autotrophic symbiosis Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 30 337–441
R. P. Dales J. P. Pell (1970) ArticleTitleCytological aspects of haemoglobin and chlorocruorin synthesis in polychaete annelids Zeitschrift für Zellforschung 109 20–32 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXkvVGktLc%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00364928
H. Felbeck J. J. Childress G. N. Somero (1981) ArticleTitleCalvin-Benson cycle and sulphide oxidation enzymes in animals from sulphide-rich habitats Nature, London 298 291–293
R. A. Feldman M. B. Black C. S. Cary R. A. Lutz R. C. Vrijenhoek (1997) ArticleTitleMolecular phylogenetics of bacterial endosymbionts and their vestimentiferan hosts Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 6 268–277 Occurrence Handle9284565 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlvFSjsb0%3D
H. J. Flügel (1978) ArticleTitleDense core tubuli–a new structural element of the spermatophores of Pogonophora 9th International Congress of Electron Microsc. Toronto 1978 2 574–575
M. F. Foucart S. Bricteux-Grégoire C. Jeuniaux (1965) ArticleTitleComposition chimique du tube d’un pogonophore (Siboglinum sp.) et des formations squelettiques de deux pterobranches Sarsia 20 36–41
J. K. Freytag P. R. Girguis D. K. Bergquist J. P. Andras J. J. Childress C. R. Fisher (2001) ArticleTitleA paradox resolved: sulfide acquisition by roots of seep tubeworms sustains net chemoautotrophy Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 13408–13413 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.231589498 Occurrence Handle11687647 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXosFygur4%3D
K. Fukunaga T. Miura J. Tsukahara (2000) ArticleTitleStructural studies of gonads and developmental larvae of Lamellibrachia satsuma Zoological Science (Tokyo) 17 Supplement 59
F. Gaill S. Hunt (1986) ArticleTitleTubes of deep sea hydrothermal vent worms Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera) and Alvinella pompejana (Annelida) Marine Ecology Progress Series 34 267–274
F. Gaill L. Hamraoui F. X. Sicot R. Timpl (1994) ArticleTitleImmunological properties and tissue localization of two different collagen types in annelid and vestimentiferan species European Journal of Cell Biology 65 392–401 Occurrence Handle7720731 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXktVWnsrg%3D
F. Gaill K. Mann H. Wiedemann J. Engel R. Timpl (1995) ArticleTitleStructural comparison of cuticle and interstitial collagens from annelids living in shallow sea-water and at deep-sea hydrothermal vents Journal of Molecular Biology 246 284–294 Occurrence Handle10.1006/jmbi.1994.0084 Occurrence Handle7869380 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXktVSgsbc%3D
F. Gaill B. Shillito F. Ménard G. Goffinet J. J. Childress (1997) ArticleTitleRate and process of tube production by the deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Marine Ecology Progress Series 148 135–143
S. L. Gardiner M. L. Jones (1985) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of spermiogenesis in the vestimentiferan tube worm Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora, Obturata) Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 104 19–44
S. L. Gardiner M. L. Jones (1993) Vestimentifera F. W. Harrison M. E. Rice (Eds) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates 12, Onychophora, Chilopoda, and lesser Protostomata Wiley-Liss New York 371–460
S. L. Gardiner E. McMullin C. R. Fisher (2001) ArticleTitleSeepiophila jonesi, a new genus and species of vestimentiferan tube worm (Annelida: Pogonophora) from hydrocarbon seep communities in the Gulf of Mexico Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114 694–707
J. D. George E. C. Southward (1973) ArticleTitleA comparative study of the setae of Pogonophora and polychaetous annelids Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 53 403–424
P. R. Girguis R. W. Lee N. Desaulniers J. J. Childress M. Pospesel H. Felbeck F. Zal (2000) ArticleTitleFate of nitrate acquired by the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 2783–2790 Occurrence Handle10.1128/AEM.66.7.2783-2790.2000 Occurrence Handle10877768 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXkslKlsL8%3D
S.K. Goffredi J. J. Childress F. H. Lallier N. T. Desaulniers (1998) ArticleTitleHow to be the perfect host: CO2 and HS− accumulation and H+ elimination in the hydrothermal vent tube-worm Riftia pachyptila Cahiers de Biologie Marine 39 297–300
A. W. Green T. Gotoh T. Suzuki F. Zal F. H. Lallier A. Toulmond S. N. Vinogradov (2001) ArticleTitleObservation of large, non-covalent globin subassemblies in the appr 3600 kDa hexagonal bilayer hemoglobins by electrospray ionization time-of-flight spectrometry Journal of Molecular Biology 309 553–560 Occurrence Handle10.1006/jmbi.2001.4704 Occurrence Handle11397079 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkt1Shtbk%3D
B. L. Gupta C. Little (1969) ArticleTitleStudies on Pogonophora. II. Ultrastructure of the tentacular crown of Siphonobrachia Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 49 717–741
B. L. Gupta C. Little (1970) ArticleTitleStudies on Pogonophora 4. Fine structure of the cuticle and epidermis Tissue and Cell 2 637–696 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0040-8166(70)80035-0 Occurrence Handle18631537 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cvls1aqsA%3D%3D
B. L. Gupta C. Little (1975) ArticleTitleUltrastructure, phylogeny and Pogonophora Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematick und Evolutionsforschung Sonderheft 1975 43–63
K. M. Halanych (2005) ArticleTitleMolecular phylogeny of siboglinid annelids (a.k.a. pogonophorans): a review Hydrobiologia 535/536 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 179) 295–305
A. V. Ivanov (1951) ArticleTitleOn including the genus Siboglinum in the class Pogonophora. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 76 739–742 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaG3M%2FjtFygsA%3D%3D
A. V. Ivanov (1957) ArticleTitleMaterial on the embryological development of the Pogonophora Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 36 1127–1144
A. V. Ivanov (1963) Pogonophora Academic Press London
A. V. Ivanov (1975) ArticleTitleEmbryonalentwicklung der Pogonophora und ihre systematische Stellung Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematick und Evolutionsforschung Sonderheft 1975 10–44
A. V. Ivanov (1988) ArticleTitleAnalysis of the embryonic development of Pogonophora in connection with the problems of phylogenetics Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematick und Evolutionsforschung 26 161–185
A. V. Ivanov (1989) ArticleTitleOn the morphological nature of the obturacula in Pogonophora Doklady Akademii Nauk. SSSR 308 758–759
A. V. Ivanov (1991) ArticleTitleMonilifera, a new subclass of Pogonophora Doklady Akademii Naukii SSSR 312 505–507
A. V. Ivanov (1994) ArticleTitleOn the systematic position of the Vestimentifera Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 121 409–456
H. Jensen R. Myklebust (1975) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of muscle cells in Siboglinum fiordicum (Pogonophora) Cell and Tissue Research 163 185–197 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00221726 Occurrence Handle1182786 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE28%2FktFOhsQ%3D%3D
C. Jeuniaux (1963) Chitin et Chitinolyse Masson Paris 1–181
K. E. Johansson (1937) ArticleTitleÜber Lamellisabella zachsi und ihre systematische Stellung Zoologischer Anzeiger 117 23–26
K. E. Johansson (1939) ArticleTitleLamellisabella zachsi Uschakow, ein Vertreter einer neuen Tierklasse Pogonophora Zoologiska Bidragfrån Uppsala 18 253–268
M. L. Jones (1981a) ArticleTitleRiftia pachyptila, new genus, new species, the vestimentiferan worm from the Galápagos Rift geothermal vents (Pogonophora) Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 93 1295–1313
M. L. Jones (1981b) ArticleTitleRiftia pachyptila Jones: observations on the vestimentiferan worm from the Galápagos Rift Science 213 333–336 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cvksVeqtA%3D%3D
M. L. Jones (1985a) ArticleTitleOn the Vestimentifera, new phylum: six new species, and other taxa, from hydrothermal vents and elsewhere Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 6 117–185
M. L. Jones (1985b) Vestimentiferan pogonophores: Their biology and affinities S. Conway-Morris J. D. George R. Gibson H. M. Platt (Eds) The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates. Systematics Association Special Volume 28 Clarendon Press Oxford 327–342
M. L. Jones S. L. Gardiner (1988) ArticleTitleEvidence for a transient digestive tract in Vestimentifera Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101 423–433
M. L. Jones S. L. Gardiner (1989) ArticleTitleOn the early development of the vestimentiferan tube worm Ridgeia sp and observations on the nervous system and trophosome of Ridgeia sp. and Riftia pachyptila. Biological Bulletin 177 254–276
L. Jouan J. C. Taveau S. Marco F. H. Lallier J. N. Lamy (2001) ArticleTitleOccurrence of two architectural types of hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin in annelids: comparison of 3D reconstruction volumes of Arenicola marina and Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobins Journal of Molecular Biology 305 757–771 Occurrence Handle10.1006/jmbi.2000.4344 Occurrence Handle11162090 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjvFyksQ%3D%3D
C. Jouin F. Gaill (1990) ArticleTitleGills of hydrothermal vent annelids: structure, ultrastructure and functional implications in two alvinellid species Progress in Oceanography 24 59–69 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0079-6611(90)90019-X
C. Jouin-Toulmond D. Augustin D. Desbruyères A. Toulmond (1996) ArticleTitleThe gas transfer system in alvinellids (Annelida Polychaeta, Terebellida). Anatomy and ultrastructure of the anterior circulatory system and characterization of a coelomic, intracellular, haemoglobin Cahiers de Biologie Marine 37 135–151
D. Julian F. Gaill A. J. Arp C. R. Fisher (1999) ArticleTitleRoots as a site of hydrogen sulfide uptake in the hydrocarbon seep vestimentiferan Lamellibrachia sp Journal of Experimental Biology 202 2245–2257 Occurrence Handle10441078 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXms1yqtL8%3D
G. Y. Kennedy R. P. Dales (1958) ArticleTitleThe function of the heart-body in polychaetes Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 37 15–31
P. Knight-Jones (1981) ArticleTitleBehaviour, setal inversion and phylogeny of Sabellida (Polychaeta) Zoologica Scripta 10 184–202
P. Knight-Jones M. R. Fordy (1979) ArticleTitleSetal structure, functions and interrelationships in Spirorbidae (Polychaeta, Sedentaria) Zoologica Scripta 8 119–138 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1463-6409.1979.tb00624.x
G. Lanzavecchia M. de Eguileor R. Valvassori (1988) Muscles W. Westheide C.O. Hermans (Eds) The Ultrastructure of Polychaeta Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 71–88
Little, C. & B. L. Gupta, 1968. Pogonophora: uptake of dissolved nutrients. Nature 873–874.
C. Little B. L. Gupta (1969) ArticleTitleStudies on Pogonophora III. Uptake of nutrients Journal of Experimental Biology 51 759–773 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXpslOksg%3D%3D
I. MacDonald V. Tunnicliffe E. C. Southward (2002) ArticleTitleDetection of sperm transfer and synchronous spawning in Ridgeia piscesae Jones at Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge Cahiers de Biologie Marine 43 395–398
V. V. Malakhov S. V. Galkin (1998) Vestimentifera, Gutless Invertebrates of the Sea Floor KMK Scientific Press Moscow 206
V. V. Malakhov I. S. Popelyaev S.V. Galkin (1996a) ArticleTitleMicroscopic anatomy of Ridgeia phaeophiale Jones, 1985 (Pogonophora, Vestimentifera) and the problem of the position of Vestimentifera in the system of the animal kingdom: I General anatomy, obturacula and tentacles Russian Journal of Marine Biology 22 63–74
V. V. Malakhov I. S. Popelyaev V. Galkin (1996b.) ArticleTitleMicroscopic anatomy of Ridgeia phaeophiale Jones, 1985 (Pogonophora, Vestimentifera) and the problem of the position of Vestimentifera in the system of the animal kingdom: III. Rudimentary digestive system, trophosome, and blood vascular system Russian Journal of Marine Biology 22 189–198
V. V. Malakhov I. S. Popelyaev V. Galkin (1996c.) ArticleTitleMicroscopic anatomy of Ridgeia phaeophiale Jones, 1985 (Pogonophora, Vestimentifera) and the problem of the position of Vestimentifera in the system of the animal kingdom: V Position of Vestimentifera and Pogonophora in the system of the Animal Kingdom Russian Journal of Marine Biology 22 307–313
C. P. Mangum R. P. Dales (1965) ArticleTitleProducts of haem synthesis in polychaetes Comparitive Biochemistry and Physiology 15 237–257 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaF2MXktleksbo%3D
K. Mann D. E. Mechling H. P. Bächinger C. Eckerskorn F. Gaill R. Timpl (1996) ArticleTitleGlycosylated threonine but not 4-hydroxyproline dominates the triple helix stabilizing positions in the sequence of a hydrothermal vent worm cuticle collagen Journal of Molecular Biology 261 255–266 Occurrence Handle10.1006/jmbi.1996.0457 Occurrence Handle8757292 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XltFKrtrg%3D
A. G. Marsh L. S. Mullineaux C. M. Young D. T. Manahan (2001) ArticleTitleLarval dispersal potential of the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila at deep-sea hydrothermal vents Nature 411 77–80 Occurrence Handle10.1038/35075063 Occurrence Handle11333980 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjsFGmtb0%3D
A. Matsuno Y. Sasayama (2002) ArticleTitleA comparative study of body wall structures of a pogonophore and an annelid from a phylogenetic viewpoint Zoological Science (Tokyo) 19 695–701
D. McHugh (1997) ArticleTitleMolecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are derived annelids Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 8006–8009 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.94.15.8006 Occurrence Handle9223304 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXksl2ms7s%3D
E. R. McMullin S. Hourdez S. W. Schaeffer C. R. Fisher (2003) ArticleTitlePhylogeny and biogeography of deep sea vestimentiferan tubeworms and their symbionts Symbiosis 34 1–41
K. Meyer T. Bartolomaeus (1996) ArticleTitleUltrastructure and formation of the hooked setae in Owenia fusiformis delle Chiaje, 1842: implications for annelid phylogeny Canadian Journal of Zoology 74 2143–2153
T. Miura M. Nedachi J. Hashimoto (2002) ArticleTitleSulphur sources for chemoautotrophic nutrition of shallow water vestimentiferan tubeworms in Kagoshima Bay Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82 537–540 Occurrence Handle10.1017/S0025315402005854 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotVSlsb0%3D
T. Miura J. Tsukahara J. Hashimoto (1997) ArticleTitleLamellibrachia satsuma, a new species of vestimentiferan worms (Annelida: Pogonophora) from a shallow hydrothermal vent in Kagoshima Bay, Japan Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 110 447–456
E. Negrisolo A. Pallavicini R. Barbato S. Dewilde A. Ghiretti-Magaldi L. Moens G. Lanfranchi (2001) ArticleTitleThe evolution of extracellular hemoglobins of annelids, vestimentiferans, and pogonophorans Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 26391–26397 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.M100557200 Occurrence Handle11294835 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlsVKntrg%3D
A. Nørrevang (1970) ArticleTitleThe position of Pogonophora in the phylogenetic system Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 8 161–172
L. Orrhage M. C. M. Müller (2005) ArticleTitleMorphology of the nervous system of Polychaeta (Annelida) Hydrobiologia 535/536 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 179) 79–111
G. H. Rau (1981) ArticleTitleHydrothermal vent clam and tube worm 13C/12C: further evidence of nonphotosynthetic food sources Science 213 338–340 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXkslOiur8%3D Occurrence Handle17819906
J. Ravaux L. Gay M. F Voss-Foucart F. Gaill (1998) ArticleTitleTube growth process in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent tube-worm Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera): Synthesis and degradation of chitin Cahiers de Biologie Marine 39 99–107
G. Rouse (2001) ArticleTitleA cladistic analysis of Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914 (Polychaeta, Annelida): formerly the phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 132 55–80 Occurrence Handle10.1006/zjls.2000.0263
G. Rouse K. Fauchald (1995) ArticleTitleThe articulation of annelids Zoologica Scripta 24 71–138 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1463-6409.1995.tb00476.x
G. Rouse K. Fauchald (1997) ArticleTitleCladistics and polychaetes Zoologica Scripta 26 139–204
K. M. Rudall W. Kenchington (1973) ArticleTitleThe chitin system Biological Reviews 48 597–636 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXht12gt7g%3D
E. E. Ruppert R. S. Smith (1988) ArticleTitleThe functional organization of filtration nephridia Biological Reviews 63 231–258
L. Salvini-Plawen (2000) ArticleTitleWhat is convergent/homoplastic in Pogonophora? Journal of Zoological Systematic and Evolutionary Research 38 133–147
R. Schmaljohann H. J. Flügel (1987) ArticleTitleMethane oxidizing bacteria in Pogonophora Sarsia 72 91–98 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXlsFWms7s%3D
A. Schulze (2001a) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of opisthosomal chaetae in Vestimentifera (Pogonophora, Obturata) and implications for phylogeny Acta Zoologica 82 127–135 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1463-6395.2001.00074.x
A. Schulze (2001b) ArticleTitleComparative anatomy of excretory organs in vestimentiferan tube worms (Pogonophora, Obturata) Journal of Morphology 250 1–11 Occurrence Handle10.1002/jmor.1054 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrltVGntg%3D%3D
A. Schulze (2003) ArticleTitlePhylogeny of Vestimentifera (Siboglinidae, Annelida) inferred from morphology Zoologica Scripta 32 321–342 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00119.x
A. Schulze (2002) ArticleTitleHistological and ultrastructural characterization of the intravasal body in Vestimentifera (Siboglinidae, Polychaeta, Annelida) Cahiers de Biologie Marine 43 355–358
A. Schulze K. M. Halanych (2003) ArticleTitleSiboglinid evolution shaped by habitat preference and sulfide tolerance Hydrobiologia 496 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 170) 199–205
B. Shillito J. P. Lechaire F. Gaill (1993) ArticleTitleMicrovilli-like structures secreting chitin crystallites Journal of Structural Biology 111 59–67 Occurrence Handle10.1006/jsbi.1993.1036 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXitFeitrc%3D
B. Shillito J. P. Lechaire G. Goffinet F. Gaill (1995a) ArticleTitleComposition and morphogenesis of the tubes of vestimentiferan worms Geological Society Special Publication 87 295–302
B. Shillito B. Lübbering J. P. Lechaire J. J. Childress F. Gaill (1995b) ArticleTitleChitin localization in the secretory system of a repressurized deep-sea tube worm Journal of Structural Biology 114 67–75 Occurrence Handle10.1006/jsbi.1995.1006 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXlvFCqtbY%3D
B. Shillito J. P. Lechaire J. J. Childress F. Gaill (1997) ArticleTitleDiffraction contrast imaging of extracellular matrix components using zero-loss filtering Journal of Structural Biology 120 85–92 Occurrence Handle10.1006/jsbi.1997.3909 Occurrence Handle9356296 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FislWlsA%3D%3D
R. V. Smirnov (2000) ArticleTitleTwo new species of Pogonophora from the arctic mud volcano off northwestern Norway Sarsia 85 141–150
P. R. Smith E. E. Ruppert (1988) Nephridia W. Westheide C. O. Hermans (Eds) Ultrastructure of the Polychaeta Gustav Fischer Stuttgart 231–262
A. Sorgo F. Gaill J. P. Lechaire C. Arndt M. Bright (2002) ArticleTitleGlycogen storage in the Riftia pachyptila trophosome: contribution of host and symbiont Marine Ecology Progress Series 231 115–120 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlsVeiur8%3D
A. J. Southward E. C. Southward (1966) ArticleTitleA preliminary account of the general and enzyme histochemistry of Siboglinum atlanticum and other Pogonophora Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 46 579–616
A. J. Southward E. C. Southward (1970) ArticleTitleObservations on the role of dissolved organic compounds in the nutrition of benthic invertebrates Sarsia 45 69–96
A. J. Southward E. C. Southward (1981) ArticleTitleDissolved organic matter and the nutrition of Pogonophora: a reassessment based on recent studies of their morphology and biology Kieler Meeresforschung 5 445–453 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL38XmsF2hug%3D%3D
A. J. Southward E. C. Southward P. R. Dando R. B. Barrett R. L. Ling (1986) ArticleTitleChemoautotrophic function of bacterial symbionts in small Pogonophora Journal of Marine Biology Association U.K 66 415–437 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xktl2lu7s%3D
E. C. Southward (1961) ArticleTitlePogonophora Siboga Expedition Monograph 25, 3 1–22
E. C. Southward (1972) ArticleTitleOn some Pogonophora from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico Bulletin of Marine Science 22 739–776
E. C. Southward (1973) ArticleTitleThe distribution of glycogen in the tissues of Siboglinum atlanticum (Pogonophora) Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 53 665–671 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXht1OjsQ%3D%3D
E. C. Southward (1975a) ArticleTitleA study of the structure of the opisthosoma of Siboglinum fiordicum Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematick und Evolutionsforschung Sonderheft 1975 64–76
E. C. Southward (1975b) ArticleTitleFine structure and phylogeny of the Pogonophora Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 36 235–251
E. C. Southward (1982) ArticleTitleBacterial symbionts in Pogonophora Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 62 889–906
E. C. Southward (1984) Pogonophora J. Bereiter-Hahn A. G. Matoltsy K. S. Richards (Eds) Biology of the Integument 1. Invertebrates Springer-Verlag Berlin 376–388
E. C. Southward (1988) ArticleTitleDevelopment of the gut and segmentation of newly settled stages of Ridgeia (Vestimentifera): implications for the relationship between Vestimentifera and Pogonophora Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 68 465–487
E. C. Southward (1991) ArticleTitleThree new species of Pogonophora, including two vestimentiferans, from hydrothermal sites in the Lau Back-arc Basin (Southwest Pacific) Journal of Natural History 25 859–881
E. C. Southward (1993) Pogonophora F. W. Harrison M. E. Rice (Eds) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates 12, Onychophora, Chilopoda, and lesser Protostomata Wiley-Liss New York 327–369
E. C. Southward (1999) ArticleTitleDevelopment of Perviata and Vestimentifera (Pogonophora) Hydrobiologia 402 185–202 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1003796626851
E. C. Southward (2000) Class Pogonophora P. L. Beesley G. J. B. Ross C. J. Glasby (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis, Fauna of Australia 4A CSIRO Publishing Melbourne 331–351
E. C. Southward K. A. Coates (1989) ArticleTitleSperm masses and sperm transfer in a vestimentiferan, Ridgeia piscesae Jones 1985 (Pogonophora Obturata) Canadian Journal of Zoology 67 2776–2781 Occurrence Handle10.1139/z89-393
E. C. Southward S. V. Galkin (1997) ArticleTitleA new vestimentiferan (Pogonophora: Obturata) from the hydrothermal vent fields in the Manus Back-arc Basin (Bismarck Sea, Papua New Guinea, Southwest Pacific Ocean) Journal of Natural History 31 43–55
E. C. Southward A. J. Southward (1963) ArticleTitleNotes on the biology of some Pogonophora Journal of the Marine Biolocial Association of the United Kingdom 43 57–64
E. C. Southward A. J. Southward (1967) ArticleTitleThe distribution of Pogonophora in the Atlantic Ocean Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 19 145–158
E. C. Southward A. Schulze V. Tunnicliffe (2002) ArticleTitleVestimentiferans (Pogonophora) in the Pacific and Indian Oceans: a new genus from Lihir Island (Papua New Guinea) and the Java Trench, with the first report of Arcovestia ivanovi from the North Fiji Basin Journal of Natural History 36 1179–1197 Occurrence Handle10.1080/00222930110040402
R. B. Spies (1973) ArticleTitleThe blood system of the flabelligerid polychaete Flabelliderma commensalis Journal of Morphology 139 465–490 Occurrence Handle10.1002/jmor.1051390407 Occurrence Handle4708450 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE3s7ovVehtw%3D%3D
V. Storch G. Alberti (1978) ArticleTitleUltrastructural observations on the gills of polychaetes Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 31 169–179
R. C. Terwilliger N. B. Terwilliger G. M. Hughes A. J. Southward E. C. Southward (1987) ArticleTitleStudies on the haemoglobins of the small Pogonophora Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 67 219–234 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhsFWrtb8%3D
M. Truchet C. Ballan-Dufrancais A.-Y. Jeantet J.-P. Lechaire R. Cosson (1998) ArticleTitleThe trophosome of the Vestimentifera Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana Cahiers de Biologie Marine 39 129–141
V. Tunnicliffe A. G. MacArthur D. McHugh (1998) ArticleTitleA biogeographical perspective of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna Advances in Marine Biology 34 353–442 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60213-8
P. Uschakow (1933) ArticleTitleEine neue Form aus der Familie Sabellidae (Polychaeta) Zoologischer Anzeiger 104 205–208
J. Van der Land A. Nørrevang (1977) ArticleTitleStructure and relationships of Lamellibrachia (Annelida, Vestimentifera) Det Kongelige Danske Videnkabernes Selskab Biologiske Skrifter 21,3 1–102
C. L. Van Dover (1994) ArticleTitleIn situ spawning of hydrothermal vent tubeworms (Riftia pachyptila) Biological Bulletin 186 134–135
J. Vovelle (1982) ArticleTitleStructures et materiaux squelletogenes organiques et mineraux chez les annelids et les mollusques Bulletin de la Société Zoologique Française 107 401–417 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXhsVGitA%3D%3D
M. Webb (1964) ArticleTitleThe posterior extremity of Siboglinum fiordicum (Pogonophora) Sarsia 15 33–36
M. Webb (1965) ArticleTitleAdditional notes on the adult & larva of Siboglinum fiordicum and on the possible mode of tube formation Sarsia 20 21–34
M. Webb (1969) ArticleTitleLamellibrachia barhami gen nov. sp. nov., (Pogonophora) from the northeast Pacific Bulletin of Marine Science 19 18–47
M. Webb (1971) ArticleTitleThe morphology and formation of the pogonophoran tube and its value in systematics Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 9, 3 179–181
C. M. Young E. Vaquez A. Metaxas P. A. Tyler (1996) ArticleTitleEmbryology of vestimentiferan tube worms from deep-sea methane/sulphide seeps Nature 381 514–516 Occurrence Handle10.1038/381514a0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjsVWisb4%3D
H. J. Yuasa B. N. Green T. Takagi N. Suzuki S. N. Vinogradov T. Suzuki (1996) ArticleTitleElectrospray ionization mass spectrometric composition of the 400 kDa hemoglobin from the pogonophoran Oligobrachia mashikoi and the primary structures of three major globin chains Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1296 235–244
F. Zal F. H. Lallier B. N. Green S. N. Vinogradov A. Toulmond (1996) ArticleTitleThe multi-hemoglobin system of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila: II Complete polypeptide chain composition investigated by maximum entropy analysis of mass spectra Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 8875–8881 Occurrence Handle8621529 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xitlentrk%3D
F. Zal T. Suzuki Y. Kawasaki J. J. Childress F. H. Lallier A. Toulmond (1997) ArticleTitlePrimary structure of the common polypeptide chain b from the multi-hemoglobin system of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila: an insight on the sulfide binding-site Proteins 29 562–574 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-0134(199712)29:4<562::AID-PROT15>3.0.CO;2-K Occurrence Handle9408952 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnslGqu7Y%3D
F. Zal E. Leize F. H. Lallier A. Toulmond A. Van Dorsselaer J. J. Childress (1998) ArticleTitleS-sulfohemoglobin and disulfide exchange: the mechanisms of sulfide binding by Riftia pachyptila hemoglobins Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 8997–9002 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.95.15.8997 Occurrence Handle9671793 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXkvFaltb0%3D
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Southward, E.C., Schulze, A. & Gardiner, S.L. Pogonophora (Annelida): form and function. Hydrobiologia 535, 227–251 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-4401-6
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-4401-6