Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Structure and development of nephridia in Annelida and related taxa

  • Published:
Hydrobiologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Two different kinds of filtration nephridia, protonephridia and metanephridia, are described in Polychaeta. During ontogenesis protonephridia generally precede metanephridia. While the latter are segmentally arranged, protonephridia are characteristic for the larva and are the first nephridial structure formed during ontogenesis. There is strong evidence that both organs depend on the same information and that their specific structure depends on the way in which the coelom is formed and which final expansion it gains. While metanephridia are regarded to be homologous throughout the polychaetes, protonephridia seem to have evolved in several lineages. Some of the protonephridia closely resemble less differentiated stages of metanephridial development, so that protonephridial evolution can be explained by truncation of the metanephridial development. Nevertheless, structural details are large enough to allow us to expect information on the polychaete evolution if the database on polychaete nephridia increases. A comparison of the polychaete metanephridia with those of the Clitellata and Sipuncula reveals some surprising details. In Clitellata the structure of the funnel is quite uniform in microdrilid oligochaetous Clitellata and resembles that of the aeolosomatids. Like the nephridia in the polychaete taxa Sabellida and Terebellida, those of the Sipunucla possess podocytes covering the coelomic side of the duct.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • B. Akesson (1958) ArticleTitleA study of the nervous system of the Sipunculidae with some remarks on the development of the two species Phascolion strombi Montagu and Golfingia minuta Keferstein Undersökningar over Öresund. 38 1–249

    Google Scholar 

  • E. J. Allen (1905) The anatomy of Poecilochaetus, Claparède Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 48–79

    Google Scholar 

  • D. T. Anderson (1973) Embryology and Phylogeny in Annelids and Arthropods Pergamon Oxford 495

    Google Scholar 

  • J. H. Ashworth (1912) Catalogue of the Chaetopoda in the British Museum (Natural History). A. Polychaeta: Part 1.–Arenicolidae. Trustees of the British Museum London 175

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltzer, F., 1934. Echiurida. In Kückenthal, W. & T. Krumbach (eds), Handbuch der Zoologie 2(9). de Gruyter, Berlin: 62–186.

  • K. Banse (1969) ArticleTitleAcrocirridae n. fam. (Polychaeta Sedentaria). Journal of the Fishery Research Board of Canada 26 2595–2620

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Bartolomaeus (1989) ArticleTitleUltrastructure and development of the nephridia in Anaitides mucosa (Annelida, Polychaeta) Zoomorphology 109 15–32

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Bartolomaeus (1993a) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of the protonephridia in the larva of Autolylus prolifer (Annelida, Syllidae): implications for annelid phylogeny Microfauna Marina 8 55–64

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Bartolomaeus (1993b) Die Leibeshöhlenverhältnisse und Nierenorgane der Bilateria–Ultrastruktur, Entwicklung und Evolution. Habilitationsschrift Universität Göttingen

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Bartolomaeus (1995a) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of the protonephridia in larval Magelona mirabilis (Spionida) and Pectinaria auricoma (Terebellida): head kidneys in the ground pattern of the Annelida Microfauna Marina 10 117–141

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Bartolomaeus (1995b) ArticleTitleSecondary monociliarity in the Annelida? Monociliated epidermal cells in larvae of Magelona mirabilis (Magelonida). Microfauna Marina 10 327–332

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Bartolomaeus (1997) ArticleTitleStructure and development of the nephridia of Tomopteris helgolandica (Annelida) Zoomorphology 117 1–11 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s004350050024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Bartolomaeus (1998) ArticleTitleHead kidneys in hatchlings of Scoloplos armiger (Annelida: Orbiniida): implications for the occurrence of protonephridia in lecithotrophic larvae Journal of Marine Biology Association U.K. 78 183–192

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Bartolomaeus (1999) ArticleTitleUltrastructure, development and function of segmental organs in Annelida Hydrobiologia 402 21–37 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1003780223216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Bartolomaeus P. Ax (1992) ArticleTitleProtonephridia and metanephridia–their relation within the Bilateria Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolution Forschung 30 21–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartolomaeus, T., G. Purschke & H. Hausen 2005. Polychaete phylogeny based on morphological data–a comparison of current attempts. Hydrobiologia 535/536 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 179): 339–354.

  • E. V. Bonch-Bruevich V. V. Malakhov (1986) ArticleTitleOrganisation of the early larva of the polychaete Chaetopterus variopedatus (Spiomorpha, Chaetopteridae). Doklady Akademii NAUK 292 1013–1015

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Bührmann W. Westheide G. Pursehke (1996) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of the genital organs in the interstitial syllid Petitia amphophthalma (Annelida, Polychaeta). Acta Zoologica 77 201–211

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Brandenburg (1966) ArticleTitleDie Reusenformen der Cyrtocyten. Zoologische Beiträge NF 12 345–417

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Brandenburg (1970) ArticleTitleDie Reusenzelle (Cyrtocyte) des Dinophilus. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 68 83–92

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Brandenburg (1975) ArticleTitleI. Organs with pressure-filtration. Morphology of the protonephridia. Fortschritte der Zoologie 23 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Brandenburg G. Kümmel (1961) ArticleTitleDie Feinstruktur der Solenocyte. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 5 437–452 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0022-5320(61)80018-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. S. Brown (1938) ArticleTitleThe anatomy of the polychaete Ophelia cluthensis McGuire 1935. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 58 135–160

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Bunke (1994) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of the metanephridial system in Aeolosoma bengalense (Annelida). Zoomorphology 114 247–258 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00416863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Bunke (1998) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of the nephrostome in Enchytraeus albidus (Annelida, Clitellata). Zoomorphology 118 177–182 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s004350050067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Bunke (2000) The preseptal part of metanephridia in Nais variabilis and Dero digitata (Annelida, Clitellata). Zoomorphology 120–39

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Bunke (2003) ArticleTitleEarly development of metanephridia in the caudal budding zone of a clitellate annelid, Dero digitata (Naidida): an electron-microscopical study. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 84 87–97 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1463-6395.2003.00128.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. B. Clark (1956) ArticleTitleThe blood vascular system of Nephtys (Annelida, Polychaeta). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 97 235–249

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Clausen (1986) ArticleTitleMicrophthalmus ephippiophorus sp. n. (Polychaeta: Hesionidae) and two other Microphthalmus species from the Bergen area, Western Norway. Sarsia 71 177–191

    Google Scholar 

  • J. M. Daly (1975) ArticleTitleReversible epitoky in the life history of the polychaete Odontosyllis polycera (Schmarda 1861). Journal of the Marine Biology Association U.K. 55 327–344

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Dehorne (1952) ArticleTitlePrécisions sur le type anatomique des néphridies thorciques des Sabellariides. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generate 89 37–49

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Dehorne L. Dehorne (1913) ArticleTitleRecherches sur Sclerocheilus minutus (polychète de la famille Scalibregmides). Morphologie, yeux, nèphridie et pavillon. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale 53 61–137

    Google Scholar 

  • K. J. Eckelbarger J. P. Grassle (1987) ArticleTitleSpermatogenesis, sperm storage and comparative sperm morphology in nine species of Capitella, Capitomastus and Capitellides (Polychaeta: Capitellidae). Marine Biology 95 415–429 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00409572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Ehlers (1846) Die Borstenwürmer (Annelida, Chaetopoda) nach Systematischen und Anatomischen Untersuchungen Dargestellt W. Engelmann Leipzig 268

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Eisig (1879) ArticleTitleDie Segmentalorgane der Capitelliden. Mitteilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel 1 95–118

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Eisig (1887) Monographie der Capitelliden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte nebst Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Anatomie und Physiologie. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel 16–1

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Eisig (1899) ArticleTitleZur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Capitelliden. Mittelungen aus der Zoologischen Station Zu Neapel 13 1–292

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Eisig (1914) ArticleTitleZur Systematik, Anatomie und Morphologie der Ariciiden nebst Beiträgen zur generellen Systematik. Mitteilungen aus der Zoologischen Station Zu Neapel 21 153–600

    Google Scholar 

  • Fordham, M. G. C., 1926. Aphrodite aculeata. L.M.B.C. Memoir 27. Proceedings and Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society 40: l21–216.

  • Gardiner, S. L., 1979. Fine structure of Owenia fusiformis (Polychaeta, Oweniidae) and its significance for annelid phylogeny. Ph.D. dissertation University North Carolina at Chapell Hill.

  • S. L. Gardiner M. Jones (1993) Vestimentifera F. W. Harrison M. E. Rice (Eds) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Vol. 12, Onychophora, Chilopoda and Lesser Protostomata. Wiley-Liss New York 371–460

    Google Scholar 

  • P. E. Gibbs (1975) ArticleTitleGametogenesis and spawning in a hermaphroditic population of Golfingia minuta (Sipuncula). Journal of the Marine Biology Association U.K. 55 69–82

    Google Scholar 

  • O. W. Giere C. Erséus (1998) ArticleTitleA systematic account of the Questidae (Annelida, Polychaeta), with description of new taxa. Zoologica Scripta 27 345–360 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1463-6409.1998.tb00466.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. S. Goodrich (1895) ArticleTitleOn the coelom, genital ducts, and nephridia. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 37 477–508

    Google Scholar 

  • E. S. Goodrich (1898) ArticleTitleOn the nephridia of the polychaeta. Part I. - On Hesione, Tyrrhea, and Nephthys. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 40 185–195

    Google Scholar 

  • E. S. Goodrich (1899) ArticleTitleOn the nephridia of the polychaeta. Part II. - Glycera and Goniada Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 41 439–457

    Google Scholar 

  • E. S. Goodrich (1900) ArticleTitleOn the nephridia of the Polychaeta. Part III. - The phyllodocidae, Syllidae, Amphinomidae, etc., with summary and conclusions. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 43 699–748

    Google Scholar 

  • E. S. Goodrich (1945) ArticleTitleThe study of nephridia and genital ducts since 1895. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 86 113–392

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Gustofson (1930) ArticleTitleAnatomische Studien über die Polychaeten-Familien Amphinomidae and Euphrosynidae. Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala 12 305–471

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Hartmann-Schröeder (1958) ArticleTitleZur Morphologie der Opheliiden (Polychaeta sedentaria). Zeitschrift fur Wissenchaftiche Zoologie 161 84–143

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Hatschek (1878) ArticleTitleStudien über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Anneliden. Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie der Bilateria. Arbeiten aus dem Zooologischen Institut der Universität Wien 1 1–128

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Hatschek (1886) ArticleTitleZur Entwicklung des Kopfes von Polygordius. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologischen Institut der Universität und der Station in Triest 6 109–210

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Heimler (1981) ArticleTitleUntersuchungen zur Larvalentwicklung von Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766) (Polychaeta, Terebellomorpha): II. Bau und Ultrastruktur der Trochophora-Larve. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 106 236–277

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Heimler (1983) ArticleTitleUntersuchungen zur Larvalentwicklung von Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766) (Polychaeta, Terebellomorpha): teil III, Bau und Struktur der Aulophora-Larve. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 110 236–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Heimler, W., 1983. Untersuchungen zur Larvalentwicklung von Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766) (Polychaeta, Terebellomorpha): teil III, Bau und Struktur der Aulophora-Larve. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 110: 236–277.

  • C. Hessle (1917) ArticleTitleZur Kenntnis der terebellomorphen Polychaeten. Zoologiska Bidrag from Uppsala 5 39–258

    Google Scholar 

  • P. L. Holborow (1971) The fine structure of the trochophore of Harmothoe imbricata.The Fourth European Marine Biology Symposium. Cambridge University Press Cambridge 237–246

    Google Scholar 

  • U. Jondelius T.I. Ruiz J. Baguna M. Riutort (2002) ArticleTitleThe Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians and not members of the Platyhelminthes. Zoologica Scripta 31 201–215 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00090.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. Jouin (1967) ArticleTitleÉtude morphologique et anatomique de Nerillidopsis hyalina Jouin et de quelques Nereillidium Remane (Archiannélides, Nereillidae). Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale 108 97–110

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Joyeux-Laffuie (1890) ArticleTitleÉtude monographique du Chétoptère (Chaetopterus variopedatus Rénier) suive d’une revision des espèces du genre Chaetopterus. Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale 8 245–360

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Kitamura T. Shimizu (2000a) ArticleTitleEmbryonic expression of alkaline phosphatase activity in the oligochaete annelid Tubifex. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 37 69–73 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXht1aju7o%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Kitamura T. Shimizu (2000b) ArticleTitleAnalyses of segment specific expression of alkaline phosphatase activity in the mesoderm of the oligochaete annelid Tubifex: implication for specification of segmental identity. Developmental Biology 219 214–223 Occurrence Handle10.1006/dbio.1999.9602 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhtl2ktb4%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Koechlin (1966) ArticleTitleStructure and function of the nephridia in Sabella pavonina Savigny (Polychaeta, Annelida). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 69A 349–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuper, M., 2001. Ultrastrukturuntersuchungen der Segmentalorgane, der Spermien und der Brutpflegestrukturen der Syllidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Osnabrück, 317 pp.

  • M. Kuper C. Bührmann (1999) ArticleTitleNephridial organs of interstitial Syllidae (Polychaeta). Zoology 102 IssueIDsuppl. II 42

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Kuper G. Purschke (2001) ArticleTitleThe excretory organs in Sphaerodorum flavum (Phyllodocida, Sphaerodoridae): a rare case of co-occurrence of protonephridia, coelom and blood vascular system in Annelida. Zoomorphology 120 191–203 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s004350000035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Kuper W. Westheide (1997) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of the male reproductive organs in the interstitial annelid Sphaerosyllis hermaphrodita (‘‘Polychaeta”, Syllidae). Zoomorphology 117 13–22 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s004350050025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. H. McConnaughey D. L. Fox (1945) ArticleTitleThe anatomy and biology of the marine polychaete Thoracophelia mucronata (Treadwell), Opheliidae. University of California Publications in Zoology 47 319–340

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Mesnil (1899) ArticleTitleLa position systématique des Flabelligériens St. Joseph (Chlorémiens Quatrefages) et des Sternaspiens. Zoologischer Anzeiger 22 81–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Messenger, E. M., P. R. Smith & E. E. Ruppert, 1985. Ultrastructure and function in the protonephridium in Nephtys (Polychaeta). American Zoologist 25: 41A.

  • E. Meyer (1887) ArticleTitleStudien über den Körperbau der Anneliden. Teil 1-3. Mitteilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel 7 592–741

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Nakao (1974) ArticleTitleElectron microscope study of the circulatory system in Nereis japonica. Journal of Morphology 144 217–236

    Google Scholar 

  • W. W. Newby (1940) ArticleTitleThe embryology of the echiuroid worm Urechis caupo. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 16 1–213

    Google Scholar 

  • P. J. W. Olive (1970) ArticleTitleReproduction of a Northumberland population of the polychaete Cirratulus cirratus. Marine Biology 5 259–273 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00346914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Orrhage (1964) ArticleTitleAnatomische und mrophologische Studien über die Polychaeten-Familien Spionidae, Disomidae und Poecilochaetidae. Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala 36 335–446

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Orrhage (1974) ArticleTitleÜber die Anatomie, Histologie und Verwandtschaft der Apistobranchidae (Polychaeta, Sedentaria) nebst Bemerkungen über die systematische Stellung der Archianneliden. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 79 1–45

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Orrhage (1980) ArticleTitleOn the structure and homologues of the anterior end of the polychaete families Sabellidae and Serpulidae. Zoomorphology 96 113–168 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00310081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pietsch W. Westheide (1987) ArticleTitleProtonephridial organs in Myzostoma cirriferum (Myzostomida). Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 68 195–203 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1463-6395.1987.tb00891.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. F. Pilger M. E. Rice (1987) ArticleTitleUltrastructural evidence for the contractile vessel of sipunculids as a possible ultrafiltration site. American Zoologist 27 152A

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Pilgrim (1978) ArticleTitleOn the anatomy and histology of the nervous system and excretory system of the maldanid polychaetes Clymenella torquata and Euclymene oerstedi. Journal of Morphology 155 311–326 Occurrence Handle10.1002/jmor.1051550305 Occurrence Handle633376 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE1c7jt12rsA%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Y. Pinson E. E. Ruppert (1988) ArticleTitleThe excretory role of metanephridia in Themiste alutacea (Sipuncula). American Zoologist 28 752A

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Pemerl (1965) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of the protonephridium of the trochophore larva of Serpula vermicularis (Annelida, Polychaeta). American Zoologist 5 666–667

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Quast T. Bartolomaeus (2001) ArticleTitleUltrastructure and significance of the transitory nephridia in Erpobdella octoculata (Hirudinea, Annelida). Zoomorphology 120 205–213 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s004350000036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. A. Rice (1980) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of the male nephridium and its role in spermatophore formation in spionid polychaetes (Annelida). Zoomorphologie 95 181–194 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00998121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. M. Rieger (1976) ArticleTitleMonociliated epidermal cells in Gastrotricha) Significance for concepts of early metazoan evolution. Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolution Forschung 14 198–226

    Google Scholar 

  • D. E. Robbins (1965) The biology and morphology of the pelagic annelid Poeobius meseres Heath. Journal of Zoology 146–197

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Rouse K. Fauchald (1997) ArticleTitleCladistiecs and polychaetes. Zoologica Scripta 26 139–204

    Google Scholar 

  • G. W. Rouse (1999) ArticleTitleTrochophore concepts: ciliary bands and the evolution of larvae in spiralian Metazoa. Biological Journal of the Linncan Society 66 411–464

    Google Scholar 

  • E. E. Ruppert P. R. Smith (1988) ArticleTitleThe functional organization of filtration nephridia. Biological Reviews 171 231–258

    Google Scholar 

  • L.v. Salvini-Plawen (1980) ArticleTitleWas ist eine Trochophora? Eine Analyse der Larventypen mariner Protostomier. Zoologische Jahrbücher Anatomie 103 389–423

    Google Scholar 

  • M. V. Saphonov A. B. Tzetlin (1994) ArticleTitleAn ultrastructural study of nephridial systemin two nerellids: Nerilla jouinae and Trochonerilla mobilis (Polychaeta). Mémoirs du Muséum national d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris 162 638

    Google Scholar 

  • Scharnofske, P., 1984. Anatomie, Ultrastruktur und Funktion der männlichen Geschlechtsporgane der Dinophilidae und Histriobdellidae (Annelida, Polychaeta). Ph.D. Thesis, Universität. Göttingen.

  • Schlötzer-Schrehardt, U., 1992. Ultrastrukturelle Untersuchungen zur Reproduktion und Postembryonalentwicklung einschliesslich Adultorganisation von Pygospio elegans Claparede, 1863 (Polychaeta, Spionidae). 2 Bde: Text- u. Abbildungen. Dissertation, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg.

  • P. Schuchert R. M. Rieger (1990) ArticleTitleUltrastructural observations on the dwarf male of Bonellia viridis (Echiura). Acta Zoologica 71 15–16

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Schuchert (1990) ArticleTitleThe nephridium of the Bonellia viridis male (Echiura). Acta Zoologica 71 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Schulze (2001b) ArticleTitleComparative anatomy of excretory organs in vestimentiferan tube worms (Pogonophora, Obturata). Journal of Morphology 250 1–11 Occurrence Handle10.1002/jmor.1054 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrltVGntg%3D%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Serrano E. Angulo (1989) ArticleTitleThe fine structure of the nephridial coelothelium in Phascolosoma granulatum. Zeitschrift für mikroskopisch-anatomische Forschung 103 414–424

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Shearer (1910) ArticleTitleOn the anatomy of Histriobdella homari. Quaterly Journal of Microscopic Science 55 287–359

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Shimizu K. Kitamura A. Arai A. Nakamoto (2001) ArticleTitlePattern of formation in embryos of the oligochaete annelid Tubifex: cellular basis for segmentation and specification of segmental identity. Hydrobiologia 463 123–131 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1013147523271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Shimizu A. Nakamoto (2001) ArticleTitleSegmentation in annelids: cellular and molecular basis for metameric body plan. Zoological Science 18 285–298

    Google Scholar 

  • R. N. Singhal (1982) ArticleTitleSome morphological notes on the proboscis and trunk of four species of Echiura. Journal of Zoological Society of India 34 96–99

    Google Scholar 

  • P. R. Smith (1986) ArticleTitleDevelopment of the blood vascular system in Sabellaria cementarium (Annelida: Polychaeta): an ultrastructural investigation. Zoomorphology 106 67–74 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00312109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. R. Smith (1992) Polychaeta: excretory systems. F. W. Harrison S. L. Gardiner (Eds) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Vol. 7, Annelida. Wiley-Liss New York 71–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. R. & E. E. Ruppert, 1988. Nephridia. In Westheide, W. & C.O. Hermans (eds), The Ultrastructure of the Polychaeta. Microfauna Marine 4: 231–262.

  • P. R. Smith E. E. Ruppert S. L. Gardiner (1987) ArticleTitleA. deuterostome-like nephridium in the mitraria-larva of Owenia fusiformis (Polychaeta, Annelida). The Biological Bulletin 173 315–323

    Google Scholar 

  • R. I. Smith (1984) ArticleTitleThe larval nephridia of the brackish-water polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Journal of Morphology 179 273–289 Occurrence Handle10.1002/jmor.1051790306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. I. Smith (1992) ArticleTitleThree nephromixial patterns in polychaete species currently assigned to the genus Pista (Annelida, Terebellidae). Journal of Morphology 213 365–393 Occurrence Handle10.1002/jmor.1052130309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. C. Southward (1993) Vestimentifera F. W. Harrison M. E. Rice (Eds) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Vol. 12, Onychaophora, Chilopoda and lesser protostomata. Wiley-Liss New York 327–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Southward, E. C., A. Schulze & S. L. Gardiner (this volume). Pogonophora (Annelida): Form and function. Hydrobiologia.

  • H.-J. Stecher (1968) ArticleTitleZur Organisation und Fortpflanzung von Pisione remota (Southern) (Polychaeta Pisionidae). Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere 61 347–410

    Google Scholar 

  • V. Storch U. Welsch (1972) ArticleTitleZur Ultrastruktur der Metanephridien des landlebenden Sipunculiden Phascolosoma lurco. Kieler Meeresforschung 28 277–231

    Google Scholar 

  • V. E. Strelzov (1979) Polychaete worms of the family Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909. (translated from Russian) Amerind Publishing New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Vejdovsky (1882) ArticleTitleUntersuchungen über die Anatomie, Physiologie und Entwicklung von Sternaspis. Denkschrift der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien 43 1–58

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Vejdovsky (1884) System und Morphologie der Oligochaeten Franz Rivnác Prag

    Google Scholar 

  • Vejdovsky, F., 1892. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen (Heft III). Die Organogenie der Oligochaeten. J. Otto, Prag, 299–360.

  • H. Von Nordheim A. Schrader (1994) ArticleTitleUltrastructure and functional morphology of the protonephridia and segmental fenstrated lacunae in Protodrilus rubropharyngeus (Polychaeta, Protodrilidae). Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 48 467–485

    Google Scholar 

  • D. A. Weisblat S. Y. Kim G. Stent (1984) ArticleTitleEmbryonic origins of cells in the leech Helobdella triserialis Developmental Biology 104 65–85 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0012-1606(84)90037-X Occurrence Handle6734941 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL2c3jslSnsg%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G. P. Wells (1959) ArticleTitleThe genera of the Arenicolidae (Polychaeta). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 133 301–314

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Wessing A. Polenz (1974) ArticleTitleStructure, development and function of the protonephridium in the trochophore of Pomatoceros triqueter (Annelida, Polychaeta, Sedentaria). Cell Tissue Research 156 21–33 Occurrence Handle4455375 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE2M7ivFalug%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Westheide (1985) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of the protonephridia in the dorvilleid polychaete Apodotrocha progenerans (Annelida). Zoologica Scripta 14 273–278

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Westheide (1986) ArticleTitleThe nephridia of the interstitial polychaete Hesionides arenaria and their phylogenetic significance (Polychaeta, Hesionidae). Zoomorphology 106 35–43 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00311945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W. Westheide (1990) ArticleTitlePolychaetes: interstitial families. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series 44 1–152

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Woltereck (1904) ArticleTitleBeiträge zur praktischen Analyse der Polygordius-Entwicklung nach dem ,,Nordsee“- und dem ,,Mittelmeertypus“. I. der für beide Typen gleichverlaufende Entwicklungsabschnitt: vom Ei bis zum jüngsten Trochophora-Stadium. Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik 18 377–403

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Woltereck (1905) ArticleTitleZur Kopffrage der Anneliden. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 15 154–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Worsaae, K. & R. M. Kristensen 2005. Evolution of interstitial Polychaeta (Annelida). Hydrobiologia 535/536 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 179): 317–338.

  • F. Zal D. Desbruyères C. Jouin-Toulmond (1994) ArticleTitleSexual dimorphisms in Paralvinella gresllei, a polychaete annelid from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Contes rendus de Académie Sciences, Paris, Science Vie 317 42–48

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Zerbst-Boroffka J. Haupt (1975) ArticleTitleMorphology and function of the metanephridia in annelids. Fortschritte Zoologie 23 33–47 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE28XksVert7g%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. E. Zhadan A. B. Tzetlin M. A. Safronova (2000) ArticleTitleAnatomy of some representatives from the family Alvinellidae (Polychaeta, Terebellida) from the Pacific hydrothermal habitats. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 79 141–160

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Animal Systematics and Evolution, Free University Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin, Germany, 14195

    Thomas Bartolomaeus & Björn Quast

Authors
  1. Thomas Bartolomaeus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Björn Quast
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thomas Bartolomaeus.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bartolomaeus, T., Quast, B. Structure and development of nephridia in Annelida and related taxa. Hydrobiologia 535, 139–165 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-1840-z

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-1840-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation