References
Allison P. (2013). Logistic regression using SAS, SAS Press, Cary, NC.
Atchison C. (2010). Report of the preliminary findings for Johns' voice: a study of adult Canadian sex buyers. Funded by the Canadian Institute for Health Research and the British Columbia medical services, Foundation, Vancouver, BC.
Atchison C., Benoit C., Jansson M., Burnett P., Kennedy M. C., and Ouellet N. (2015). The influence of time and physical space on control in sex worker-client interactions. Research for Sex Work 14: 35–36.
Balán I. C., Barreda V., Marone R., Ávila M. M., and Carballo-Diéguez A. (2014). Venues, patrons, and alcohol use dynamics: the creation of a high risk sexual environment. AIDS and Behavior 18(11): 2097–2109.
Bendikson J. (2007). The places We live, Aperture Foundation, New York.
Benoit, C., Ngugi, E., Roth, E., Jansson, M., Hallgrimsdottir, Sharpe, K. (2013). Benefits and constraints of intimate partnerships for HIV positive sex workers in Kibera, Kenya. International Journal for Equity in Health 12:76.
Brewer D., Dudek J., Potterat J., Muth S., Roberts J., and Woodhouse J. (2006). Extent, trends and perpetrators of prostitution related homicide in the United States. Journal of Forensic Science 51(5): 1101–1108.
Chersich M., Luchters S., Malonza I., Mwarogo P., King’ola N., and Temmerman M. (2007). Heavy episodic drinking among Kenyan female sex workers is associated with unsafe sex, sexual violence and sexually transmitted infections. International Journal of STD & AIDS 18(11): 764–769.
Deering K., Lyons T., Feng C., Nosyk B., Strathdee S., Montaner J., and Shannon K. (2013). Client demands for unsafe sex: the socio-economic risk environment for HIV among street and off-street sex workers. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) 63(4): 522–531.
Elmore-Meegan M., Conroy R., and Agala C. (2004). Sex workers in Kenya, number of clients and associated risks: an exploratory study. Reproductive Health Matters 12(23): 50–57.
Field A., and Miles J. (2010). Discovering statistics using SAS, Sage Press, London.
Gilbert L., Raj A., Hien D., Stockman J., Terlikbayeva A., and Wyatt G. (2015). Targeting the SAVA (substance abuse, violence, and AIDS) syndemic among women and girls: a global review of epidemiology and integrated interventions. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 69: S118–S127.
Kabiru C., Beguy D., Undie C.-C., Zulu E., and Ezeh A. (2010). Transition into first sex among adolescents in slum and non-slum communities in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Youth Studies 13(4): 453–471.
Kalichman S., Simbayi L., Kaufman M., Cain D., and Jooste S. (2007). Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review of empirical findings. Prevention Science 8: 141–151.
Kelly J., St Lawrence J., Diaz Y., Stevenson Y., Hauth A., Brasfield T., Kalichman S., Smith J., and Andrew M. (1991). HIV risk behavior reduction following intervention with key opinion leaders of population: an experimental analysis. American Journal of Public Health 81(2): 168–171.
Kurtz S., Surratt H., Inciardi J., and Kiley M. (2004). Sex work and “date” violence. Violence Against Women 10: 357–385.
Langhinrichsen-Rohling J. (2010). Controversies involving gender and intimate partner violence in the United States. Sex Roles 62(3–4): 179–193.
Li Q., and Stanton B. (2010). Alcohol use among female sex workers and male clients: an integrative review of global literature. Alcohol & Alcoholism 45(2): 188–199.
Marras S. (2012). GIS, web, and 3D. Tools for holistic and shareable knowledge. The experience of the Map Kibera Project. Territorio 61: 110–114.
Meyer J., Springer S., and Altice F. (2011). Substance abuse, violence, and HIV in women: a literature review of the syndemic. Journal of Women's Health 20(7): 991–1006.
Mishra, S., Boily, M.C., Schwartz, S., Beyrer, C., Blanchard, J.F., Moses, S., Castor, D., Phaswana-Mafuya, N., Vickerman, P., Drame, F. and Alary, M. (2016). Data and methods to characterize the role of sex work and to inform sex work programmes in generalized HIV epidemics: Evidence to challenge assumptions. Annals of Epidemiology 16, June, 2016.
Mugisha F., Arinaitwe-Mugisha J., and Hagember B. (2003). Alcohol, substance and drug use among urban slum adolescents in Nairobi, Kenya. Cities 20(4): 231–240.
Needle R., Trotter R., Singer M., Bates C., Page B., Metzger D., and Marcelin L. (2003). Rapid assessment of the HIV/AIDS crisis in racial and ethnic minority communities: an approach for timely community interventions. American Journal of Public Health 93: 970–979.
Ngugi E., Simonsen J., Bosire M., Ronald A., Plummer F., Cameron D., Waiyaki P., and Ndinya-Achola O. (1988). Prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Africa: effectiveness of condom promotion and health education among prostitutes. Lancet 2: 887–890.
Ngugi E., Benoit C., Hallgrimsdottir H., Jansson M., and Roth E. (2012a). Partners and clients of female sex workers in an informal urban settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, culture. Health and Sexuality 14(1): 17–30.
Ngugi E., Benoit C., Hallgrimsdottir H., Jansson M., and Roth E. (2012b). Family kinship patterns and female sex work in the informal urban settlement of Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya. Human Ecology 403(3): 397–403.
Odek W., Busza J., Morris C., Cleveland J., Ngugi E., and Ferguson A. (2009). Effects of micro-enterprise services on HIV risk behaviour among female sex workers in Kenya's urban slums. AIDS and Behavior 13(3): 449–461.
Okal J., Chersich M., Tsui S., Sutherland E., Temmerman M., and Luchters S. (2011). Sexual and physical violence against female sex workers in Kenya: a qualitative enquiry. AIDS Care 23(5): 612–618.
Parry C., Petersen P., Dewing S., Carney T., Needle R., Kroeger K., and Treger L. (2008). Rapid assessment of drug-related HIV risk among men who have sex with men in three south African cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 95(1): 45–53.
Parry C. D., Dewing S., Petersen P., Carney T., Needle R., Kroeger K., and Treger L. (2009). Rapid assessment of HIV risk behavior in drug using sex workers in three cities in South Africa. AIDS and Behavior 13(5): 849–859.
Pitpitan E. V., and Kalichman S. C. (2015). Reducing HIV risks in the places where people drink: prevention interventions in alcohol venues. AIDS and Behavior 1–15.
Rhodes T. (2002). The ‘risk environment’: a framework for understanding and reducing drug-related harm. International Journal of Drug Policy 13(2): 85–94.
Rhodes T., Singer M., Bourgois P., Friedman S., and Strathdee S. (2005). The social structural production of HIV risk among injecting drug users. Social Science & Medicine 61: 1026–1044.
Roth E., Ngugi E., Benoit C., Jansson M., and Hallgrimsdottir H. (2014). A reasoned action model of male client involvement in commercial sex work in Kibera, a large informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. Human Organization 73(2): 174–182.
Sandøy I. F., Siziya S., and Fylkesnes K. (2008). Lost opportunities in HIV prevention: programmes miss places where exposures are highest. BMC Public Health 8(1): 1.
Schenul J., LeCompte M., Trotter R., Cromley E., and Singer M. (1999). Mapping social networks Vol. 4, Roman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD.
Singer M. (1996). A dose of drugs, a touch of violence, a case of AIDS: conceptualizing the SAVA syndemic. Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology 24(2): 99–110.
Weir S. S., Pailman C., Mahlalela X., Coetzee N., Meidany F., and Boerma J. T. (2003). From people to places: focusing AIDS prevention efforts where it matters most. AIDS 17(6): 895–903.
Woolf-King S., and Maisto S. (2011). Alcohol use and high-risk sexual behavior in sub-Saharan Africa: a narrative review. Archives of Sexual Behavior 40: 17–42.
Woolf-King, S., Steinmaus, C., Reingold, A., and Hahn, J. (2013). An update on alcohol use and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: Meta-analysis and future research directions. The International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 2: no. 1.
Zulu E., Beguy D., Ezeh A., Bocquier P., Madise N., Cleland J., and Falkingham J. (2011). Overview of migration, poverty and health dynamics in Nairobi City's slum settlements. Journal of Urban Studies 88(S2): S182–S199.
Acknowledgements
We are indebted to our research assistants, Mr. Vincent Ngase and Mr. Dominic Murumbutsa, for their input and efforts in completing the interviewing for this project. Without their intelligence, innovation and diligence the project would not have been possible. Similarly, we are grateful to the many Kibera residents who acted as our guides and gatekeepers, and of course to the men who consented to be part of this study. This research was funded by a NIH Centre Grant (1R24HD056799-01). We dedicate this work to the late Dr. Elizabeth Ngugi, who pioneered research among FSW in Kenya and initiated, contributed to, and managed alternative occupational training programs for sub-Saharan African FSW.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Roth, E.A., Benoit, C., Jansson, M. et al. Public Drinking Venues as Risk Environments: Commercial Sex, Alcohol and Violence in a Large Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. Hum Ecol 45, 277–283 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-017-9897-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-017-9897-2