Skip to main content
Log in

Individual and Collective Rationality in Pastoral Production: Evidence From Northern Kenya

  • Published:
Human Ecology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study explores the individual and collective rationality of livestock accumulation in pastoral production using data gathered in northern Kenya. Results suggest accumulating wealth in livestock even when facing the prospect of sudden dramatic loss makes sense at the household level, and that there is limited empirical support to the contention that herd accumulation at the household level imposes a cost on other households. I conclude by arguing the record of failure in pastoral development may be at least partially due to a faulty conceptual foundation, and suggest facilitating herd accumulation may offer more promise than discouraging it.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abel, N. (1993). Reducing Cattle Numbers on Southern Africa Communal Range: Is it worth it? In Behnke, R., Scoones, I., and Kerven, C. (eds.), Range Ecology at Disequilibrium: new models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African Savannas, Overseas Development Institute, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, D. (1979). Cattle ranching in the semi-arid Savannas of east and southern Africa. In Walker, B. (ed.), Management of Semi-Arid Ecosystems, Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 9–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, C., Chabari, F., Bailey, D., Coppock, D. L., and Little, P. (2003). Livestock pricing in northern Kenyan rangelands. Journal of African Economies 12(2): 127–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biot, Y. (1993). How long can high stocking densities be sustained? In Behnke, R., Scoones, I., and Kerven, C. (eds.), Range Ecology at Disequilibrium: New Models of Natural Variability and Pastoral Adaptation in African Savannas, Overseas Development Institute, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandstrom, P. (1985). Do we really learn from experience? In Hjort, A. (ed.), Land Management and Survival, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 41–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. (1971). The biology of pastoral man as a factor in conservation. Biological Conservation 3(2): 93–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coppock, D. L. (1994). The Borana Plateau of Southern Ethiopia: Synthesis of Pastoral Research, Development, And Change, 1980–91, International Livestock Center for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Haan, C. (1994). An Overview of the World Bank’s Involvement in Pastoral Development, Pastoral Development Network, # 31b. Overseas Development Institute, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desta, S., and Coppock, D. L. (2002). Cattle population dynamics in the southern Ethiopian rangelands, 1980–1997. Journal of Range Management 55: 439–451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doran, M., Low, A., and Kemp, R. (1979). Cattle as a store of wealth in Swaziland: Implications for livestock development and overgrazing in east and southern Africa. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 61: 41–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, J., and Swift, D. (1988). Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: Alternate paradigms and implications for development. Journal of Range Management 41(6): 450–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ensminger, J. (1992) Making a Market, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fafchamps, M. (1998). The tragedy of the commons, livestock cycles and sustainability. Journal of African Economies 7(3): 284–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fratkin, E. (1991). Surviving Drought and Development: Ariaal Pastoralists of Kenya, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fratkin, E., and Roth, E. (1990). Drought and economic differentiation among ariaal pastoralists of kenya. Human Ecology 18(4): 385–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (1971). Rangeland Surveys: Kenya Range Development in Marsabit District, Nairobi.

  • Goldschmidt, W. (1981). And anthropological approach to economic development. In Galaty, J. Aronson, D., and Salzman, P. (eds.), The Future of Pastoralist People, International Development Research Center, Ottawa, pp. 52–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodhue, R., and McCarthy, N. (2000). Fuzzy access: Modeling grazing rights in sub-Saharan Africa. In McCarthy, N., Swallow, B., Kirk, M., and Hazell, P. (eds.), Property Rights, Risk, & Livestock Development in Africa, IFPRI, Washington, DC, pp. 191–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandin, B. (1983). Livestock transactions data collection. In de Leeuw, P., and de Haan, C. (eds.), Pastoral Systems Research in Sub-Saharan Africa, ILCA, Addis Ababa, pp. 277–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science 162: 1243–1248.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellden, U. (1991). Desertification - Time for an Assessment? Ambio 28(8): 372–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herren, U. (1991) Droughts have different tails: Response to crises in Mukogodo Division, North Central Kenya. Disasters 15(2): 93–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herskovits, M. (1926). The cattle complex in East Africa. American Anthropologist. 28: 230–272; 361–388; 424–528; 630–644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homewood, K., and Rogers, W. (1987). Pastoralism, conservation and the overgrazing controversy. In Anderson, D., and Grove, R. (eds.), Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 111–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, D., Ready, R., and Pagoulatos, A. (1997). Dynamic optimal management of wind-erosive rangelands. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 79: 327–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, L. (1980). Cattle as a store of wealth: Comment. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 62(3), 606–613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenya Human Rights Commission (2000). The Forgotten People Revisited, KHRC, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamprey, H. (1983). Pastoralism yesterday and today: The overgrazing problem. In Bourliere, F. (ed.), Tropical Savannas, Vol. 643–666, Elsevier Press, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, C. (1996). Pastures Lost: Barabaig Economy, Resource Tenure, and the Alienation of their Lands in Tanzania, Initiatives Publishers, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipscomb, J. (1955). White Africans, Faber and Faber, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, P. (1994). The social context of land degradation (“desertification”) in dry Regions. In Arizpe, L., Stone, M., and Major, D. (eds.), Population and Environment: Rethinking the Debate, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp. 209–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, I. (1986). The common property problem and pastoralist economic behavior. Journal of Development Studies 23(1): 5–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lusigi, W. (1981). Combatting Desertification and Rehabilitating Degraded Production Systems in Northern Kenya: An IPAL Case Study and Summary of Results so far. IPAL Technical Report A-4, UNESCO, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lusigi, W. (1984). Integrated Resource Assessment and Management Plan for Western Marsabit District, Northern Kenya. IPAL Technical report A-6. UNESCO, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lybbert, T. J., Barrett, C. B., Desta, S., and Coppock, D. L. (2004). Stochastic wealth dynamics and risk management among a poor population. Economic Journal 114(498): 750–777.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, M. (1985) Design of a food intake study in two Bambara villages in the Segou region of Mali with preliminary findings. In Hill, A. (ed.), Population, Health and Nutrition in the Sahel, KPI Limited, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, T., and Ellis, J. (1987). Beating the Odds in Arid Africa. Natural History 96(10): 32–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, N. (2000) An economic analysis of the effects of production risk on the use and management of common pool resources. In McCarthy, N., Swallow, B., Kirk, M., and Hazell, P. (eds.), Property Rights, Risk, & Livestock Development in Africa, IFPRI, Washington, DC, pp. 155–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPeak, J. (2003). Analyzing and addressing localized degradation. Land Economics 79(4): 515–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPeak, J. (2004). Contrasting income shocks with asset shocks: Livestock sales in northern Kenya. Oxford Economic Papers 56: 263–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPeak, J., and Barrett, C. (2001). Differential risk exposure and stochastic poverty traps among east african pastoralists. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 83(3): 674–679.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, M. (1985). The Economics of Pastoralism in Northern Kenya: The Rendille and the Gabra, IPAL Technical Report F-3. UNESCO, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, M. (1987). Changing responses to drought in northern Kenya: The Rendille and Gabra livestock producers. In Baxter, P. W. (ed.), Property, Poverty and People: Changing Rights in Property and Problems of Pastoral Development, University of Manchester, Department of Social Anthropology and International Development Center, pp. 55–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterloh, S. (2001). Micro-finance in northern Kenya: The experience of K-REP development agency, Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program Research Brief 01-09-PARIMA. GL-CRSP, Davis, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, P. (1985). Gabra Nomadic Pastoralism in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Northern Kenya: Strategies for Survival in a Marginal Environment, Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Northwestern University, Department of History.

  • Sanford, S. (1983). Management of Pastoral Development in the Third World, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanford, S. (1996). Improving the efficiency of opportunism: New directions for pastoral development. In Scoones, I. (ed.), Living with Uncertainty, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, pp. 174–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlee, G. (1989). Identities on the Move: Clanship and Pastoralism in Northern Kenya, Gideon Were Press, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, H., Shaabani, S., and Walther, D. (eds.) (1991). Range Management Handbook of Kenya. Ministry of Livestock Development, Nairobi, Republic of Kenya.

  • Scoones, I. (1993). Why are there so many animals? Cattle population dynamics in the communal areas of Zimbabwe. In Behnke, R. H., Jr., Scoones, I., and Kerven, C. (eds.), Range Ecology at Disequilibrium: New Models of Natural Variability and Pastoral Adaptation in African Savannas, Overseas Development Institute, London, pp. 62–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoones, I. (1995). New directions in pastoral development in Africa. In Scoones, I. (ed.), Living with Uncertainty, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, pp. 1–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobania, N. (1979). Background History of the Mt. Kulal Region of Kenya, IPAL Technical Report A-2. UNESCO, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tablino, P. (1996). Being Gabra today. In Baxter, P. T. W., Hultin, J., and Triulzi, A. (eds.), Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries, The Red Sea Press, Asmara, pp. 114–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tablino, P. (1999). The Gabra: Camel Nomads of Northern Kenya, Paulines Publications Africa, Limuru, Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torry, W. (1973). Subsistence Ecology Among the Gabra: Nomads of the Kenya/Ethiopia Frontier. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Columbia University, Department of Anthropology.

  • Turner, M. (2003). Changing uses of wealth stores by rural smallholders: Description of an approach used for the longitudinal analysis of livestock transactions in the Sahel. In Ehui, S. K., Lynam, J., and Okike, I. (eds.), Adapting social science to the changing focus of international agricultural research. Proceedings of a Rockefeller Foundation—ILCA Social Science Research Fellows workshop, 14–18 November 1994, held at ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pp. 189–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varian, H. (1992). Microeconomic Analysis, 3rd edn., W.W Norton & Company, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westoby, M., Walker, B., and Noy-Meir, I. (1989). Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium. Journal of Range Management 42: 266–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (2002). African Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John McPeak.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

McPeak, J. Individual and Collective Rationality in Pastoral Production: Evidence From Northern Kenya. Hum Ecol 33, 171–197 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-005-2431-Y

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-005-2431-Y

Keywords

Navigation