Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Faculty research productivity: differences between foreign and local doctoral degree holders in Pakistan

  • Published:
Higher Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The presence of foreign doctoral degree holders has significantly been increasing in Pakistani public universities. Despite their increasing presence and significance in universities, they have been ignored in higher education literature, notably the absence of empirical studies exploring their research productivity. This study aimed to explore research productivity differences between foreign and local doctoral degree holders and determine the factors (demographic, individual, and institutional) that contribute to their research productivity. Data were collected from 14 Pakistani public universities through a self-administered questionnaire using a systematic random sampling method. A total of 241 questionnaires were returned, among which 232 well-filled and completed questionnaires (foreign (119) and local (113), respectively) were used for analysis. The findings showed that foreign doctoral degree holders were not more productive in terms of total refereed journal articles and book chapters than local doctoral degree holders. However, foreign doctoral degree holders had published statistically significant research articles in international journals with impact factors and published more research articles with international colleagues than their local doctoral counterparts. Moreover, the findings showed that unlike the institutional factors, demographic and individual factors had significantly contributed to faculty research productivity in Pakistani public universities. Further implications are discussed, and suggestions for future research are outlined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Di Costa, F. (2009). Research collaboration and productivity: is there correlation? Higher Education, 57(2), 155–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, P. D., & Long, J. S. (1990). Departmental effects on scientific productivity. American sociological review, 55(4), 469–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, P., & Stewart, J. (1974). Productivity differences among scientists: evidence for accumulative advantage. American sociological review, 39(4), 596–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altbach, P. G. (2015). What counts for academic productivity in research universities? International Higher Education, 79, 6–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altbach, P. G. (1989). Twisted roots: the Western impact on Asian higher education. Higher Education, 18(1), 9–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altbach, P. G., & Peterson, P. M. (2007). Higher education in the new century: global challenges and innovative ideas. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altbach, P. G., & Peterson, P. M. (Eds.). (2007). Higher education in the new century: global challenges and innovative ideas (Vol. 10). Sense Pub.

  • Altbach, P. G. (1999). The logic of mass higher education. Tertiary Education & Management, 5(2), 107–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altbach, P. G. (2008). The complex roles of universities in the period of globalization. Higher education in the world, pp. 1–14. Retrieved from http://upcommons.upc.edu.

  • Alzuman, A. (2015). Faculty research productivity in Saudi Arabian public universities: a human capital investment perspective. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.

  • Atta-Ur-Rahman. (2018) Fostering a knowledge economy Retrieved from https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/345764-fostering-a-knowledge-economy.

  • Austin, A. E. (2002). Preparing the next generation of faculty: graduate school as socialization to the academic career. The journal of higher education, 73(1), 94–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badar, K., Hite, J. M., & Badir, Y. F. (2013). Examining the relationship of co-authorship network centrality and gender on academic research performance: the case of chemistry researchers in Pakistan. Scientometrics, 94(2), 755–775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird, D. G. (1986). The uneasy case for corporate reorganizations. The Journal of Legal Studies, 15(1), 127-147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barjak, F., & Robinson, S. (2008). International collaboration, mobility and team diversity in the life sciences: impact on research performance. Social Geography, 3(1), 23–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baruffaldi, S. H., & Landoni, P. (2012). Return mobility and scientific productivity of researchers working abroad: the role of home country linkages. Research policy, 41(9), 1655–1665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, R. (1990). The Idea of Higher Education. Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education and Open University Press.

  • Becher, T. (1994). The significance of disciplinary differences. Studies in Higher education, 19(2), 151–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, P. J. (2015). Cross-country differences in publishing productivity of academics in research universities. Scientometrics, 102(1), 865–883.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, R., & Blackburn, R. (1990). Changes in academic research performance over time: a study of institutional accumulative advantage. Research in Higher Education, 31(4), 327–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, R. T., Behymer, C. E., & Hall, D. E. (1978). Research note: correlates of faculty publications. Sociology of Education, 51(2), 132–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bland, C. J., Center, B. A., Finstad, D. A., Risbey, K. R., & Staples, J. G. (2005). A theoretical, practical, predictive model of faculty and department research productivity. Academic Medicine, 80(3), 225–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bland, C. J., & Ruffin, M. T. (1992). Characteristics of a productive research environment: Literature review. Academic medicine: journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 67(6), 385-397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braxton, J. M., Luckey, W., & Helland, P. (2002). Institutionalizing a Broader View of Scholarship Through Bayer’s Four Domains. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report 29(2). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

  • Brocato, J. J., & Mavis, B. (2005). The research productivity of faculty in family medicine departments at US medical schools: a national study. Academic Medicine, 80(3), 244–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chellaraj, G., Maskus, K. E., & Mattoo, A. (2005). The contribution of skilled immigration and international graduate students on US innovation. World Bank Working Paper, WPS3588.

  • Chelleraj, G., Maskus, K., & Mattoo, A. (2005) ‘Skilled Immigrants, Higher Education and US Innovation’, in C. Özden and M. Schiff (eds.) (2005) International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain, Washington: World Bank, pp. 245–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chellaraj, G., Maskus, K. E., & Mattoo, A. (2008). The contribution of international graduate students to US innovation. Review of International Economics, 16(3), 444–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheol Shin, J., Jeung Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2013). Research collaboration across higher education systems: maturity, language use, and regional differences. Studies in Higher Education, 38(3), 425–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, S., & Cole, J. R. (1967). Scientific output and recognition: a study in the operation of the reward system in science. American sociological review, 32(1), 377–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corley, E. A., & Sabharwal, M. (2007). Foreign-born academic scientists and engineers: producing more and getting less than their US-born peers? Research in Higher Education, 48(8), 909–940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creamer, E. G. (1998). Assessing faculty publication productivity: issues of equity ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report Volume 26 Number 2. Education One Dupont Circle NW Suite 630 Washington DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher .

    Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W., & Bean, J. P. (1981). Research output, socialization, and the Biglan model. Research in Higher Education, 15(1), 69–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W. (1985). Faculty Research Performance: lessons from the Sciences and the Social Sciences. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 4. Washington, DC: George Washington University.

  • Cummings, W. K., & Finkelstein, M. J. (2012). The internationalization of the US academy: a disciplinary perspective. In Scholars in the changing American academy (pp. 79–91). Springer Netherlands.

  • Dundar, H., & Lewis, D. R. (1998). Determinants of research productivity in higher education. Research in higher education, 39(6), 607–631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drennan, J., Clarke, M., Hyde, A., & Politis, Y. (2013). The research function of the academic profession in Europe. In The work situation of the academic profession in Europe: Findings of a survey in twelve countries (pp. 109–136). Springer Netherlands.

  • Fairweather, J. S. (2002). The mythologies of faculty productivity. Journal of Higher Education, 73(1), 26–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. F. (1983). Publication productivity among scientists: a critical review. Social studies of science, 13(2), 285–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. F. (1992). Research, teaching, and publication productivity: Mutuality versus competition in academia. Sociology of education, 293-305.

  • Geiger, R. L. (1986). To advance knowledge: the growth of American research universities, 1900–1940. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haque U. N., Mahmood M., Abbas S., & Lodhi A. (2018). The university research system in Pakistan. Retrieved from https://www.britishcouncil.pk/sites/default/files/the_university_research_system_in_pakistan.pdf.

  • Hassan, S. U. (2016, February 10). Research landscape of Pakistan. MIT Technology Review, Pakistan. Retrieved from https://www.technologyreview.pk/research-land-scape-of-pakistan.

  • HEC University Ranking. (2016). 5th Ranking of Pakistani Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) 2015. Retrieved from https://www.hec.gov.pk/english/universities/Documents/Ranking_Doc%20(2015).pdf.

  • Hedjazi, Y., & Behravan, J. (2011). Study of factors influencing research productivity of agriculture faculty members in Iran. Higher education 62, 5, 635–647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herciu, L. (2015). Pakistan: another BRIC in the wall. New York, NY: Thomson & Reuters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hibberts, M., Johnson, R. B., & Hudson, K. (2012). Common survey sampling techniques. In Handbook of survey methodology for the social sciences (pp. 53–74). Springer, New York, NY.

  • Higher Education Commission (2010). Medium Term Development Framework II (2011-15) (MTDF-HE II). Higher Education Commission. Retrieved from https://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/sites/planipolis/files/ressources/pakistan_higher_education_medium_term_development_framework_2011-2015.pdf. 

  • Higher Education Commission. (2015). Annual Report. 2014-2015. Retrieved from https://www.hec.gov.pk/english/news/HECPublications/Annual%20Report%202014-15.pdf

  • Higher Education Commission (2017, July 7). Higher Education Commission Vision 2025. Retrieved from https://hec.gov.pk/english/HECAnnouncements/Documents/Announcement/HEC-Vision-2025.pdf.

  • Higher Education Commission Pakistan. (2016). Pakistan emerges as a country with scientific influence and citation impact. Islamabad, Pakistan: Higher Education Commission. Retrieved from https://hec.gov.pk/english/news/news/Pages/Pakistan-Emerges.aspx.

  • Hoodbhoy, P. (2017, July 1). Pakistan's professor mafia. Dawn Newspaper. Retrieved from https://www.dawn.com/news/1342483.

  • Hunter, R. (2020). Education in Pakistan. World Education News+ Reviews. Retrieved from https://wenr.wes.org/2020/02/education-in-pakistan.

  • Jonkers, K., & Tijssen, R. (2008). Chinese researchers returning home: impacts of international mobility on research collaboration and scientific productivity. Scientometrics, 77(2), 309–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonkers, K., & Cruz-Castro, L. (2013). Research upon return: the effect of international mobility on scientific ties, production and impact. Research Policy, 42(8), 1366–1377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung, J. (2012). Faculty research productivity in Hong Kong across academic discipline. Higher education studies, 2(4), 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J. S., & Martin, B. R. (1997). What is research collaboration? Research policy, 26(1), 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, S., Shah, S. M. H., & Khan, T. M. (2018). An investigation of attitudes towards the research activities of university teachers. Bulletin of Education and Research, 40(1), 215–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumari, R. (2017). Research and Development: Review of Research Performance in Higher Education Sector in the Last Decade. Commissioned by the Higher Education Commission and the World Bank. Retrieved from https://hec.gov.pk/english/universities/projects/TESP/Documents/TESA%20Report%20-%20Research%20Performance.pdf.

  • Kwiek, M. (2015). The internationalization of research in Europe: a quantitative study of 11 national systems from a micro-level perspective. Journal of Studies in International Education, 19(4), 341–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwiek, M. (2016). The European research elite: a cross-national study of highly productive academics in 11 countries. Higher Education, 71(3), 379–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwiek, M. (2018). High research productivity in vertically undifferentiated higher education systems: who are the top performers? Scientometrics, 115(1), 415–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwiek, M. (2020). What large-scale publication and citation data tell us about international research collaboration in Europe: Changing national patterns in global science. Studies in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1749254.

  • Kyvik, S., & Aksnes, D. W. (2015). Explaining the increase in publication productivity among academic staff: a generational perspective. Studies in Higher Education, 40(8), 1438–1453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyvik, S., & Smeby, J. C. (1994). Teaching and research. The relationship between the supervision of graduate students and faculty research performance. Higher Education, 28(2), 227-239.

  • Kyvik, S., & Teigen, M. (1996). Child care, research collaboration, and gender differences in scientific productivity. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 21(1), 54–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landry, R., Traore, N., & Godin, B. (1996). An econometric analysis of the effect of collaboration on academic research productivity. Higher Education, 32(3), 283–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S., & Bozeman, B. (2005). The impact of research collaboration on scientific productivity. Social studies of science, 35(5), 673–702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. J., & Kim, D. (2010). Brain gain or brain circulation? US doctoral recipients returning to South Korea. Higher education, 59(5), 627–643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leisyte, L., & Dee, J. R. (2012). Understanding academic work in a changing institutional environment. In Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (pp. 123–206). Springer, Dordrecht.

  • Levin, S. G., & Stephan, P. E. (1991). Research productivity over the life cycle: evidence for academic scientists. The American Economic Review, 81, 114–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, L., & Yan, F. (2015). Effects of International Education Degree and Organizational Effectiveness Perception on Academic Research Productivity in China. RIHE the Changing Academic Profession Report No. 22. Japan: Hiroshima University. Retrieved from https://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/wakimoto/pdf/seminar22.pdf#page=85.

  • Long, J. S., Allison, P. D., & McGinnis, R. (1979). Entrance into the academic career. American sociological review, 44(5), 816–830.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamiseishvili, K. (2010). Foreign-born women faculty work roles and productivity at research universities in the United States. Higher Education, 60(2), 139–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamiseishvili, K., & Rosser, V. J. (2010). International and citizen faculty in the United States: an examination of their productivity at research universities. Research in Higher Education, 51(1), 88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martín-Sempere, M., Rey-Rocha, J., & Garzón-García, B. (2002). The effect of team consolidation on research collaboration and performance of scientists. Case study of Spanish university researchers in Geology. Scientometrics, 55(3), 377–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marvasti, A. (2005). US academic institutions and perceived effectiveness of foreign-born faculty. Journal of Economic Issues, 39(1), 151–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H. W., & Hattie, J. (2002). The relation between research productivity and teaching effectiveness: complementary, antagonistic, or independent constructs? The Journal of Higher Education, 73(5), 603-641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maruyama, A. (1999). Towards the promotion of investment in the CDM by the private sector: scope for finance support by Japanese government. In Workshop on Flexibility Mechanisms and Climate Change Policy in Asian Countries: Experiences and Technology Response from EC Research, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok (pp. 14-15).

  • Musiige, G., & Maassen, P. (2015). Faculty perceptions of the factors that influence research productivity at Makerere University. African Minds Higher Education Dynamics Series, 1, 109-127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nafukho, F. M., Wekullo, C. S., & Muyia, M. H. (2019). Examining research productivity of faculty in selected leading public universities in Kenya. International Journal of Educational Development, 66, 44–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nauman, S. (2017). Lack of critical thinking skills leading to research crisis in developing countries: a case of Pakistan. Learned Publishing, 30(3), 233–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, Q. H. (2015). Factors Influencing the research productivity of academics at the research-oriented university in Vietnam. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Griffith University, Australia.

  • Osama, A., Najam, A., Kassim-Lakha, S., Gilani, S. Z., & King, C. (2009). Pakistan’s reform experiment. Nature, 461(7260), 38–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perna, L. W., & Titus, M. A. (2005). The relationship between parental involvement as social capital and college enrollment: an examination of racial/ethnic group differences. The journal of higher education, 76(5), 485-518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, S. R., & Umbach, P. D. (2001). Analysing faculty workload data using multilevel modeling. Research in higher education, 42(2), 171–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Postiglione, G., & Jung, J. (2013). World-class university and Asia’s top tier researchers. In Q. Wang, Y. Cheng, & N. C. Liu (Eds.), Building world-class universities. Different approaches to a shared goal (pp. 161–180). Rotterdam: Sense.

  • Qadir, A. (2011). Tangential modernity: culture of higher education reform in Pakistan. Tampere University Press.

  • Rahman, U. A. (2012). The HEC impact. Technology Times, 4(1). Retrieved from https://www.technologytimes.pk/2012/12/31/the-hec-impact/.

  • Rameez, A. M. (2019). Institutes on rise, performance in decline. Pakistan Today. Retrieved from https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/08/14/ institutes-on- rise-performance-in-decline/Institutes on rise; performance in decline.

  • Ramsden, P. (1994). Describing and explaining research productivity. Higher Education, 28(2), 207–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riaz, H., Jabeen, N., Salman, Y., Ansari, N., & Moazzam, A. (2017). A study of higher education reforms in Pakistan: key reforms and drivers. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 54(2).

  • Sabharwal, M. (2013). Comparing research productivity across disciplines and career stages. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 15(2), 141–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, J. H., Finkelstein, M. J., & Finkelstein, M. J. (2006). The American faculty: the restructuring of academic work and careers. JHU Press.

  • Sheehan, B. A., Welch, A. R., & Lacy, F. J. (1996). The academic profession in Australia. Education, Training and Youth Affairs: Department of Employment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin, J. C., & Cummings, W. K. (2010). Multilevel analysis of academic publishing across disciplines: research preference, collaboration, and time on research. Scientometrics, 85(2), 581–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin, J. C., Jung, J., Postiglione, G. A., & Azman, N. (2014). Research productivity of returnees from study abroad in Korea, Hong Kong, and Malaysia. Minerva, 52(4), 467–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smeby, J. C., & Try, S. (2005). Departmental contexts and faculty research activity in Norway. Research in Higher Education, 46(6), 593–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephan, P.E., & Levin, S.G. (1992). Striking the Mother Lode in Science: The Importance of Age, Place, and Time, New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarar, N. O. (2006). Globalisation and higher education in Pakistan. Economic and Political Weekly, 41(49), 9-15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teodorescu, D. (2000). Correlates of faculty publication productivity: a cross-national analysis. Higher Education, 39(2), 201–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tien, F. F., & Blackburn, R. T. (1996). Faculty rank system, research motivation, and faculty research productivity: measure refinement and theory testing. The Journal of Higher Education, 67(1), 2–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tourangeau, R., Rips, L. J., & Rasinski, K. (2000). The psychology of survey response. Cambridge University Press.

  • Toutkoushian, R. K., & Bellas, M. L. (1999). Faculty time allocations and research productivity: gender, race and family effects. The Review of Higher Education, 22(4), 367–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toutkoushian, R. K., & Webber, K. (2011). Measuring the research performance of postsecondary institutions. In University ranking: Theoretical basis, methodology and impacts on global higher education, (eds). J.C. Shin, R.K. Toutkoushian, & U. Teichler. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, L., & Mairesse, J. (2003). Explaning individual productivity difference in scientific research productivity: How important are institutional and individual determinants? Condensed matter (1380–1997). Submitted to Annuales d,economic et de statistiques for the specialissue in honor of Zvi Griliches.

  • Uddin, A., & Singh, V. K. (2014). Mapping the computer science research in SAARC countries. IETE Technical Review, 31(4), 287–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO. (2018). Statistics for education. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved from http://data.uis.unesco.org/.

  • Ur Rahman, A. (2009). Pakistan: sense of urgency powered education reforms. Nature, 461(7266), 874–874.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X., Xu, S., Liu, D., & Liang, Y. (2012). The role of Chinese-American scientists in China–US scientific collaboration: a study in nanotechnology. Scientometrics, 91(3), 737–749.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X., Xu, S., Wang, Z., Peng, L., & Wang, C. (2013). International scientific collaboration of China: collaborating countries, institutions and individuals. Scientometrics, 95(3), 885–894.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber, K. L. (2012). Research productivity of foreign-and US-born faculty: differences by time on task. Higher Education, 64(5), 709–729.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber, K. L. (2013). Research productivity of science and engineering faculty at US universities: the contribution of foreign vs US-born status. The Journal of the Professoriate, 7(1), 51–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch, A. (2011). Higher education in Southeast Asia: blurring borders, changing balance. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, H. A. (2003). A mediated hierarchical regression analysis of factors related to research productivity of human resource education and workforce development postsecondary faculty. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Louisiana State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-0326103-212409/.

  • Wood, F. (1990). Factors influencing research performance of university academic staff. Higher Education, 19(1), 81-100.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank nd. (2017). Pakistan: Country Summary of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1121703274255/1439264-1193249163062/Pakistan_countrySummary.pdf.

  • Xian, W. (2015). A quantitative study of the internationalization of the academics and research productivity: case study of China. Chinese Education & Society, 48(4), 265–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ynalvez, M. A., & Shrum, W. M. (2011). Professional networks, scientific collaboration, and publication productivity in resource-constrained research institutions in a developing country. Research Policy, 40(2), 204–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zainab, A. N. (1999). Personal, academic and departmental correlates of research productivity: a review of literature. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 4(2), 73–110.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Qinggen Zhang, post-doctoral scholar at HUST, for the provision of invaluable statistical assistant during analysis process.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Education, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Balochistan, 90050, Pakistan

    Niamatullah Baloch

  2. School of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China

    Niamatullah Baloch, Luo Siming, Ataklti Abraha & Shen Hong

Authors
  1. Niamatullah Baloch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Luo Siming
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ataklti Abraha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shen Hong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Niamatullah Baloch or Luo Siming.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Baloch, N., Siming, L., Abraha, A. et al. Faculty research productivity: differences between foreign and local doctoral degree holders in Pakistan. High Educ 82, 203–225 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00630-2

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00630-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation