Skip to main content
Log in

ParadisEO-MO: from fitness landscape analysis to efficient local search algorithms

  • Published:
Journal of Heuristics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents a general-purpose software framework dedicated to the design, the analysis and the implementation of local search metaheuristics: ParadisEO-MO. A substantial number of single solution-based local search metaheuristics has been proposed so far, and an attempt of unifying existing approaches is here presented. Based on a fine-grained decomposition, a conceptual model is proposed and is validated by regarding a number of state-of-the-art methodologies as simple variants of the same structure. This model is then incorporated into the ParadisEO-MO software framework. This framework has proven its efficiency and high flexibility by enabling the resolution of many academic and real-world optimization problems from science and industry.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aarts, E.H.L., Lenstra, J.K.: Local Search in Combinatorial Optimization. Wiley, New York (1997)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Adenso-Díaz, B., Laguna, M.: Fine-tuning of algorithms using fractional experimental designs and local search. Oper. Res. 54(1), 99–114 (2006)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Alba, E., Almeida, F., Blesa, M., Cotta, C., Díaz, M., Dorta, I., Gabarró, J., González, J., León, C., Moreno, L., Petit, J., Roda, J., Rojas, A., Xhafa, F., (2002) MALLBA: A library of skeletons for combinatorial optimisation. In: Parallel Processing Conference (Euro-Par, 2002). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2400, pp. 927–932. Springer, Berlin (2002)

  • Altenberg, L.: Fitness distance correlation analysis: an instructive counterexemple. In: Bäck T (ed.) Seventh International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp. 57–64. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1997)

  • Bastolla, U., Porto, M., Roman, H.E., Vendruscolo, M.: Statiscal properties of neutral evolution. J. Mol. Evol. 57(S), 103–119 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benoist, T., Estellon, B., Gardi, F., Megel, R., Nouioua, K.: LocalSolver 1.x: a black-box local-search solver for 0–1 programming. Q. J. Oper. Res. 9, 299–316 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Birattari, M., Stützle, T., Paquete, L., Varrentrapp, K.: A racing algorithm for configuring metaheuristics. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, pp. 11–18. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, GECCO ’02 (2002)

  • Bleuler, S., Laumanns, M., Thiele, L., Zitzler, E.: PISA—a platform and programming language independent interface for search algorithms. In: Second International Conference on Evolutionary Multi-Criterion Optimization (EMO 2003), pp. 494–508. Faro (2003).

  • Boisson, J.C., Jourdan, L., Talbi, E.G.: Metaheuristics based de novo protein sequencing: a new approach. Appl. Soft Comput. 11(2), 2271–2278 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, E., Newall, J.: (2002) Enhancing timetable solutions with local search methods. In: Practise and Theory of Automated Timetabling IV (PATAT 2002, Gent, Belgium). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2740, pp. 195–206. IEEE Press, Springer (2002)

  • Cahon, S., Melab, N., Talbi, E.G.: ParadisEO: a framework for the reusable design of parallel and distributed metaheuristics. J. Heuristics 10(3), 357–380 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerny, V.: A thermodynamical approach to the traveling salesman problem: an efficient simulation algorithm. J. Optim. Theory Appl. 45, 41–51 (1985)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Charon, I., Hudry, O.: The noising method: a new method for combinatorial optimization. Oper. Res. Lett. 14, 133–137 (1993)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Clergue, M., Collard, P.: GA-hard functions built by combination of trap functions. In: Proceedings of the 2002 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC 2002), pp. 249–254. IEEE Press (2002)

  • Daolio, F., Verel, S., Ochoa, G., Tomassini, M.: Local optima networks of the quadratic assignment problem. In: Proceeding of IEEE world conference on computational intelligence (WCCI), pp. 3145-3152. Barcelona, Spain (2010)

  • Dekkers, A., Aarts, E.: Global optimization and simulated annealing. Math. Program. 50, 367–393 (1991)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Di Gaspero, L., Roli, A., Schaerf, A.: Easyanalyzer: an object-oriented framework for the experimental analysis of stochastic local search algorithms. In: International Conference on Engineering Stochastic Local Search Algorithms SLS: Springer, pp. 76–90. Heidelberg. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Berlin (2007)

  • Eiben, A.E., Michalewicz, Z., Schoenauer, M., Smith, J.E. Parameter control in evolutionary algorithms. In: Lobo, F.G., Lima, C.F., Michalewicz, Z. (eds.) Parameter Setting in Evolutionary Algorithms, Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol. 54, pp. 19–46. Springer, Berlin (2007)

  • Feo, T.A., Resende, M.G.C.: A probabilistic heuristic for a computationally difficult set covering problem. Oper. Res. Lett. 8, 67–71 (1989)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Feo, T.A., Resende, M.G.C.: Greedy randomized adaptive search procedures. J. Glob. Optim. 6, 109–133 (1995)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Gaspero, L.D., Schaerf, A.: EasyLocal++: an object-oriented framework for flexible design of local search algorithms. Softw. Pract. Experience 33(8), 733–765 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, F.: Future paths for integer programming and links to artificial intelligence. Comput. Oper. Res. 13(5), 533–549 (1986)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, F., Laguna, M.: Tabu Search. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (1997)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, F., Millan, C.M.: The general employee scheduling problem: an integration of MS and AI. Comput. Oper. Res. 13(5), 563–573 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gu, J., Huang, X.: Efficient local search with search space smoothing: a case study of the traveling salesman problem. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 24(5), 728–735 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halim, S., Yap, R.H.C., Lau, H.C.: An integrated white+black box approach for designing and tuning stochastic local search. In: 13th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP 2007). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4741, pp. 332–347. Springer, Berlin (2007)

  • Hansen, P.: The Steepest Ascent Mildest Descent Heuristic for Combinatorial Programming, Congress on Numerical Methods in Combinatorial Optimization. Capri (1986)

  • Hart, J.P., Shogan, A.W.: Semi-greedy heuristics: an empirical study. Oper. Res. Lett. 6(3), 107–114 (1987)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Hoos, H., Stützle, T.: Stochastic Local Search: Foundations and Applications. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (2004)

  • Hoos, H.H.: Programming by optimization. Commun. ACM 55(2), 70–80 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutter, F., Hoos, H.H., Leyton-Brown, K., Stützle, T.: ParamILS: an automatic algorithm configuration framework. J. Artif. Int. Res. 36(1), 267–306 (2009)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D.S.: Local optimization and the travelling salesman problem. In: 17th Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming. Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 443, pp. 446–461. Springer, Berlin (1990)

  • Jones, M.: A object-oriented framework for the implementation of search techniques. Ph.D. Thesis, University of East Anglia (2000)

  • Jones, M., McKeown, G., Rayward-Smith, V.: Templar: a object-oriented framework for distributed combinatorial optimization. In: Proceedings of the UNICOM Seminar on Modern Heuristics for Decision Support. UNICOM Ltd, Brunel university (1998)

  • Jones, T.: Evolutionary algorithms, fitness landscapes and search. Ph.D. Thesis, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (1995)

  • Keijzer, M., Merelo, J.J., Romero, G., Schoenauer, M.: Evolving objects: a general purpose evolutionary computation library. In: 5th International Conference on Artificial Evolution (EA 2001), pp. 231–244. Le Creusot, France (2001)

  • Khanafer, A., Clautiaux, F., Hanafi, S., El-Ghazali, T.: The min-conflict packing problem. Comput. Oper. Res. 39, 2122–2132 (2012)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, M.: The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1983)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt, C.D., Vecchi, M.P.: Optimization by simulated annealing. Science 220(4598), 671–680 (1983)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Krasnogor, N., Smith, J.:MAFRA: A Java memetic algorithms framework. In: Data Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms, pp. 125-131. Las Vegas (2000)

  • Lecron, F., Manneback, P., Tuyttens, D.: Exploiting grid computation for solving the vehicle routing problem. In: 2010 IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), pp. 1–6 (2010)

  • Liefooghe, A., Jourdan, L., Talbi, E.G.: A software framework based on a conceptual unified model for evolutionary multiobjective optimization: ParadisEO-MOEO. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 209(2), 104–112 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Liefooghe, A., Humeau, J., Mesmoudi, S., Jourdan, L., Talbi, E.G.: On dominance-based multiobjective local search: design, implementation and experimental analysis on scheduling and traveling salesman problems. J. Heuristics 18(2), 317–352 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Locatelli, M.: Simulated annealing algorithms for continuous global optimization: convergence conditions. J. Optim. Theory Appl. 29(1), 87–102 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lourenco, H.R., Martin, O., Stutzle, T.: Handbook of Metaheuristics, Operations Research and Management Science, vol. 57, pp. 321–353. Kluwer Academic Publishers, chap Iterated local search (2002)

  • Lukasiewycz, M., Glaß, M., Reimann, F., Teich, J.: Opt4J—a modular framework for meta-heuristic optimization. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computing Conference (GECCO 2011). Dublin (2011)

  • Madras, N.: Lectures on Monte Carlo Methods. American Mathematical Society, Providence (2002)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Marmion, M.E., Dhaenens, C., Jourdan, L., Liefooghe, A., Verel, S.: NILS: a Neutrality-based Iterated Local Search and its application to Flowshop Scheduling. In: Merz, P., Hao, J.K. (eds.) Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6622, pp. 191–202. Springer, Turino (2011a)

  • Marmion, M.E., Dhaenens, C., Jourdan, L., Liefooghe, A., Verel, S.: On the neutrality of flowshop scheduling fitness landscapes. In: 5th Learning and Intelligent OptimizatioN Conference (LION 5). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6683, pp. 238–252. Springer, Rome (2011b)

  • Marmion, M.E., Mascia, F., López-Ibáñez, M., Stützle, T. (to appear): Automatic design of hybrid stochastic local search metaheuristics. Hybrid Metaheuristics (HM 2013). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin (2013)

  • Martin, O., Otto, S., Felten, E.W.: Large-step markov chains for the traveling salesman problem. Complex Syst. 5(3), 299–326 (1991)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Melab, N., Luong, T.V., Karima, B., Talbi, E.G.: Towards ParadisEO-MO-GPU: a framework for GPU-based Local Search Metaheuristics. 11th International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, Torremolinos-Málaga, Espagne. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6691. Springer (2011)

  • Michel, L., Hentenryck, P.V.: Localizer++: an open library for local search. Technical Report CS-01-02. Brown University, Computer Science (2001)

  • Michel, L., See, A., Hentenryck, P.V.: Parallel and distributed local search in COMET. Comput. Oper. Res. 36(8), 2357–2375 (2009)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Mladenovic, M., Hansen, P.: Variable neighborhood search. Comput. Oper. Res. 24, 1097–1100 (1997)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Nannen, V., Eiben, A.E.: Relevance estimation and value calibration of evolutionary algorithm parameters. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Joint Conference on Artifical Intelligence, pp. 975–980. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, IJCAI’07 (2007)

  • Ochoa, G., Tomassini, M., Verel, S., Darabos, C.: A study of NK landscapes’ basins and local optima networks. In: Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pp. 555–562. ACM, New York (2008)

  • Ochoa, G., Verel, S., Tomassini, M. First-improvement vs. best-improvement local optima networks of nk landscapes. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving From Nature, Krakow, Poland, pp. 104–113.

  • Ozdamar, L., Demirhan, M.: Experiments with new stochastic global optimization search techniques. Comput. Oper. Res. 27(9), 841–865 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papadimitriou, C.H., Steiglitz, K.: Combinatorial Optimization Algorithms and Complexity. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs (1982)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Parejo, J.A., Ruiz-Cortés, A., Lozano, S., Fernández, P.: Metaheuristic optimization frameworks: a survey and benchmarking. Soft Comput. 16(3), 527–561 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quick, R., Rayward-Smith, V., Smith, G.: Fitness distance correlation and ridge functions. In: Fifth Conference on Parallel Problems Solving from Nature (PPSN’98). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1498, pp. 77–86. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)

  • Reidys, C.M., Stadler, P.F.: Neutrality in fitness landscapes. Appl. Math. Comput. 117(2–3), 321–350 (2001)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Tello, E., Hao, J.K., Torres-Jimenez, J.: An effective two-stage simulated annealing algorithm for the minimum linear arrangement problem. Comput. Oper. Res. 35(10), 3331–3346 (2008)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Rosé, H., Ebeling, W., Asselmeyer, T.: The density of states—a measure of the difficulty of optimisation problems. Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (PPSN 1996), pp. 208–217 (1996)

  • Rothlauf, F.: Representations for genetic and evolutionary algorithms, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sendhoff, B., Kreutz, M., von Seelen, W.: A condition for the genotype-phenotype mapping: causality. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp. 73–80. East Lansing (1997)

  • Stadler, P.F.: Fitness landscapes. In: Biological Evolution and Statistical Physics. Lecture Notes Physics, vol. 585, pp. 187–207. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)

  • Stutzle, T.: Local search algorithms for combinatorial problems—analysis, algorithms and new applications. Ph.D. Thesis, DISKI—Dissertationen zur Kunstliken Intelligenz., Sankt augustin (1999)

  • Talbi, E.G.: Metaheuristics from Design to Implementation. Wiley, Chichester (2009)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Talbi, E.G., Hafidi, Z., Geib, J.M.: A parallel adaptive tabu search approach. Parallel comput. 24(14), 2003–2019 (1998)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Van Nimwegen, E., Crutchfield, J., Huynen, M.: Neutral evolution of mutational robustness. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9716–9720 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verel, S.: Fitness landscapes and graphs: multimodularity, ruggedness and neutrality. In: 11th Annual Conference Companion on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO), pp. 3593–3656. ACM, Montreal (2009)

  • Verel, S., Collard, P., Clergue, M.: Where are bottleneck in NK fitness landscapes? In: Proceedings of the 2003 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC 2003), pp. 273–280. IEEE Press, Canberra (2003)

  • Voss, S., Woodruff, D.L.: Optimization software class librairies. Kluwer, Boston (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Voudouris, C.: Guided local search—an illustrative example in function optimization. BT Technol. J. 16(3), 46–50 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voudouris, C., Tsang, E.: Guided local search. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 113(2), 469–499 (1999)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger, E.D.: Correlated and uncorrelatated fitness landscapes and how to tell the difference. Biol. Cybern. 63, 325–336 (1990)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger, E.D.: Local properties of Kauffman’s NK model, a tuneably rugged energy landscape. Phys. Rev. A 44(10), 6399–6413 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, D.R.: Software review: the ECJ toolkit. Genet. Program. Evolv. Mach. 13(1), 65–67 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilke, C.O.: Adaptative evolution on neutral networks. Bull. Math. Biol. 63, 715–730 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the reviewers for their valuable feedback that highly contributed to improve the quality of the paper. Moreover, we would like to thank the Inria research institute for their support on the DOLPHIN project. Thanks are also due to all the members of the DOLPHIN research group for their collaboration in the development of the ParadisEO framework.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Liefooghe.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Humeau, J., Liefooghe, A., Talbi, E.G. et al. ParadisEO-MO: from fitness landscape analysis to efficient local search algorithms. J Heuristics 19, 881–915 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10732-013-9228-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10732-013-9228-8

Keywords

Navigation