Skip to main content
Log in

Autonomous operator management for evolutionary algorithms

  • Published:
Journal of Heuristics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The performance of an evolutionary algorithm strongly depends on the design of its operators and on the management of these operators along the search; that is, on the ability of the algorithm to balance exploration and exploitation of the search space. Recent approaches automate the tuning and control of the parameters that govern this balance. We propose a new technique to dynamically control the behavior of operators in an EA and to manage a large set of potential operators. The best operators are rewarded by applying them more often. Tests of this technique on instances of 3-SAT return results that are competitive with an algorithm tailored to the problem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bader-El-Den, M., Poli, R.: Generating sat local-search heuristics using a gp hyper-heuristic framework. In: 8th International Conference, Evolution Artificielle, EA 2007, Tours, France. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4926, pp. 37–49. Springer, Berlin (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Battiti, R., Brunato, M.: Learning and Intelligent Optimization Second International Conference, LION 2007 II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5313. Springer, Berlin (2008)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Battiti, R., Brunato, M.: Reactive search optimization: learning while optimizing, In: Handbook of Metaheuristics, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin (2009, in press)

  • Battiti, R., Brunato, M., Mascia, F.: Reactive Search and Intelligent Optimization. Operations Research/Computer Science Interfaces, vol. 45. Springer, Berlin (2008)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Biere, A., Heule, M., van Maaren, H., Walsh, T. (eds.): Handbook of Satisfiability, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, vol. 185. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2009)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, E.K., Kendall, G., Newall, J., Hart, E., Ross, P., Schulenburg, S.: Hyper-heuristics: an emerging direction in modern search technology. In: Handbook of Meta-Heuristics, pp. 457–474. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, E.K., Hyde, M., Kendall, G., Ochoa, G., Ozcan, E., Qu, R.: A survey of hyper-heuristics. Technical Report No. NOTTCS-TR-SUB-0906241418-2747, School of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Nottingham, Computer Science (2009a)

  • Burke, E.K., Hyde, M., Kendall, G., Ochoa, G., Ozcan, E., Woodward, J.: A classification of hyper-heuristics approaches. In: Gendreau, M., Potvin, J.-Y. (eds.) Handbook of Metaheuristics. International Series in Operations Research and Management Science. Springer, Berlin (2009b, in press)

  • Cowling, P., Soubeiga, E.: Neighborhood structures for personnel scheduling: a summit meeting scheduling problem (abstract). In: Burke, E.K., Erben, W. (eds.) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Practice and Theory of Automated Timetabling, Constance, Germany (2000)

  • Cowling, P.I., Kendall, G., Soubeiga, E.: Hyperheuristics: a tool for rapid prototyping in scheduling and optimisation. In: Applications of Evolutionary Computing, EvoWorkshops 2002: EvoCOP, EvoIASP, EvoSTIM/EvoPLAN. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2279, pp. 1–10. Springer, Berlin (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowston, W., Glover, F., Thompson, G., Trawick, J.: Probabilistic and parametric learning combinations of local job shop scheduling rules. Technical Report, ONR Research Memorandum No. 117, GSIA, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburg, PA (1963)

  • Da Costa, L., Schoenauer, M.: GUIDE, a graphical user interface for evolutionary algorithms design. In: Moore, J.H. (ed.) GECCO Workshop on Open-Source Software for Applied Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (SoftGEC). ACM, New York (2007). Software available at http://guide.gforge.inria.fr/

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, L.: Adapting operator probabilities in genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp. 61–69, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1989. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • De Jong, K.A.: Evolutionary Computation: A Unified Approach. MIT Press, Cambridge (2006)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • De Jong, K.A., Spears, W.M.: Using genetic algorithm to solve NP-complete problems. In: Proc. of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms (ICGA’89), pp. 124–132, Virginia, USA (1989)

  • Eiben, A.E., Smith, J.E.: Introduction to Evolutionary Computing. Natural Computing Series. Springer, Berlin (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eiben, A.E., Hinterding, R., Michalewicz, Z.: Parameter control in evolutionary algorithms. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 3(2), 124–141 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eiben, A.E., Michalewicz, Z., Schoenauer, M., Smith, J.E.: Parameter control in evolutionary algorithms. In: Parameter Setting in Evolutionary Algorithms, Computational Intelligence, vol. 54, pp. 19–46. Springer, Berlin (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fialho, A., Da Costa, L., Schoenauer, M., Sebag, M.: Extreme value based adaptive operator selection. In: Rudolph, G., et al. (eds.) Parallel Problem Solving from Nature—PPSN X, 10th International Conference. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5199, pp. 175–184. Springer, Berlin (2008)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, H., Thompson, L.: Probabilistic learning combinations of local job-shop scheduling rules. In: Industrial Scheduling. Prentice Hall, New York (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleurent, C., Ferland, J.A.: Object-oriented implementation of heuristic search methods for graph coloring, maximum clique, and satisfiability. In: Cliques, Coloring, and Satisfiability: Second DIMACS Implementation Challenge. DIMACS Series in Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 26, pp. 619–652 (1996)

  • Fukunaga, A.: Automated discovery of local search heuristics for satisfiability testing. Evol. Comput. 16(1), 31–61 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garey, M.R., Johnson, D.S.: Computers and Intractability, a Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. Freeman, New York (1979)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, F., Kochenberger, G.: Handbook of Metaheuristics. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science. Springer, Berlin (2003)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, D.E.: Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning. Addison-Wesley/Longman, Reading/Harlow (1989)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, D.E.: Probability matching, the magnitude of reinforcement, and classifier system bidding. Mach. Learn. 5(4), 407–425 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, J., Voss, N.: Adaptive fitness functions for the satisfiability problem. In: Parallel Problem Solving from Nature—PPSN VI 6th International Conference. Lecture Notes in Computer Sscience, vol. 1917. Springer, Berlin (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamadi, Y., Monfroy, E., Saubion, F.: Special issue on autonomous search. Contraint Program. Lett. 4 (2008a)

  • Hamadi, Y., Monfroy, E., Saubion, F.: What is autonomous search? Technical Report MSR-TR-2008-80, Microsoft Research (2008b)

  • Holland, J.H.: Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control and Artificial Intelligence. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutter, F., Hamadi, Y., Hoos, H., Brown, K.L.: Performance prediction and automated tuning of randomized and parametric algorithms. In: Twelfth International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4204, pp. 213–228. Springer, Berlin (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutter, F., Hoos, H.H., Stützle, T.: Automatic algorithm configuration based on local search. In: Proc. of the Twenty-Second Conference on Artifical Intelligence (AAAI’07), pp. 1152–1157 (2007)

  • Julstrom, B.A.: What have you done for me lately? Adapting operator probabilities in a steady-state genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp. 81–87. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lardeux, F., Saubion, F., Hao, J.-K.: Recombination operators for satisfiability problems. In: Artificial Evolution, 6th International Conference, Evolution Artificielle. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2936, pp. 103–114. Springer, Berlin (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lardeux, F., Saubion, F., Hao, J.-K.: GASAT: a genetic local search algorithm for the satisfiability problem. Evol. Comput. 14(2), 223–253 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Berre, D., Roussel, O., Simon, L.: The SAT2007 competition. Technical Report, Tenth International Conference on Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing, May 2007

  • Lobo, F.G., Goldberg, D.E.: Decision making in a hybrid genetic algorithm. In: IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, pp. 121–125. IEEE Press, New York (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lobo, F., Lima, C., Michalewicz, Z. (eds.): Parameter Setting in Evolutionary Algorithms. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol. 54. Springer, Berlin (2007)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Marchiori, E., Rossi, C.: A flipping genetic algorithm for hard 3-SAT problems. In: Proc. of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, vol. 1, pp. 393–400 (1999)

  • Maturana, J., Saubion, F.: On the design of adaptive control strategies for evolutionary algorithms. In: Proc. Int. Conf. on Artificial Evolution. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4926. Springer, Berlin (2007a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maturana, J., Saubion, F.: Towards a generic control strategy for EAs: an adaptive fuzzy-learning approach. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), pp. 4546–4553 (2007b)

  • Maturana, J., Saubion, F.: A compass to guide genetic algorithms. In: Rudolph, G., et al. (eds.) Parallel Problem Solving from Nature—PPSN X, 10th International Conference Dortmund, Germany, 13–17 September, 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5199, pp. 256–265. Springer, Berlin (2008)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Maturana, J., Fialho, A., Saubion, F., Schoenauer, M., Sebag, M.: Compass and dynamic multi-armed bandits for adaptive operator selection. In: Proceedings of IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation CEC (2009)

  • Meyer-Nieberg, S., Beyer, H.G.: Self-Adaptation in Evolutionary Computation, pp. 47–76. Springer, Berlin (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nannen, V., Smit, S.K., Eiben, A.E.: Costs and benefits of tuning parameters of evolutionary algorithms. In: Parallel Problem Solving from Nature—PPSN X, 10th International Conference Dortmund, Germany, 13–17 September, 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5199, pp. 528–538. Springer, Berlin (2008)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pareto, V.: Cours d’économie politique. In: Oeuvres Complètes. Droz, Genève (1896)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, J.R.: The algorithm selection problem. Adv. Comput. 15, 65–118 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, C., Marchiori, E., Kok, J.N.: An adaptive evolutionary algorithm for the satisfiability problem. In: Proc. of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC’00), pp. 463–470. ACM, New York (2000)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sais, L.: Problème SAT: Progrès et Défis. Collection Programmation par Contraintes. Hermès, Paris (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, L., Le Berre, D.: The SAT2005 competition. Technical Report, Eighth International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing, June 2005

  • Smit, S., Eiben, G.: Comparing parameter tuning methods for evolutionary algorithms. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (2009)

  • Smith-Miles, A.K.: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on meta-learning for algorithm selection. ACM Comput. Surv. 41(1), 1–25 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sywerda, G.: Uniform crossover in genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp. 2–9. San Francisco, CA, USA. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thierens, D.: An adaptive pursuit strategy for allocating operator probabilities. In: Beyer, H.-G. (ed.) Proc. GECCO’05, pp. 1539–1546. ACM, New York (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thierens, D.: Adaptive strategies for operator allocation. In: Lobo, F.G., Lima, C.F., Michalewicz, Z. (eds.) Parameter Setting in Evolutionary Algorithms, pp. 77–90. Springer, Berlin (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tuson, A., Ross, P.: Adapting operator settings in genetic algorithms. Evol. Comput. 6(2), 161–184 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitacre, J.M., Pham, T.Q., Sarker, R.A.: Use of statistical outlier detection method in adaptive evolutionary algorithms. In: GECCO’06: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pp. 1345–1352. ACM, New York (2006)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, Y.-I., Lee, K.-H., Leung, K.-S., Ho, C.-W.: A novel approach in parameter adaptation and diversity maintenance for GAs. Soft. Comput. 7(8), 506–515 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, L., Hutter, F., Hoos, H.H., Leyton-Brown, K.: Satzilla: portfolio-based algorithm selection for sat. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 32, 565–606 (2008)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jorge Maturana.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Maturana, J., Lardeux, F. & Saubion, F. Autonomous operator management for evolutionary algorithms. J Heuristics 16, 881–909 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10732-010-9125-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10732-010-9125-3

Keywords

Navigation