Abstract
Crataegus bretschneideri C. K. Schneid. originated in Northeast China, it has remarkable characteristics of cold resistance and early maturity. Due to its unclear taxonomic status, the conservation and utilization of C. bretschneideri have been limited. In this study, the molecular and phenotypic diversity of C. bretschneideri and relative species were systematically assessed. The results showed the high levels of genetic variation in leaf and fruit phenotypic traits in thirty-six Crataegus accessions based on the Shannon–wiener index and principal component analyses. According to the phenotypic cluster analysis, Crataegus accessions were clustered into five main clades. The genetic diversity and population structure of seven Crataegus species were analyzed by thirteen reported and five newly designed SCoT markers. In total, eighteen SCoT markers produced 148 polymorphic bands with 94.87% polymorphic loci. Thirty-six Crataegus accessions were divided into five clades in the phylogenetic tree constructed by SCoT markers. C. bretschneideri accessions were clustered into a single clade which had a closer relationship with C. pinnatifida Bunge accessions. Population structure analyses indicated that there was a mixed gene pool in C. bretschneideri accessions. These findings revealed that C. bretschneideri may be of hybrid origin. Newly designed SCoT markers are practical for genetic diversity analyses of genus Crataegus.
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The data presented in this study are available in supplementary material.
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Funding
This work was supported by “The Conservation and Utilization of Crop Germplasm Resource–Hawthorn (Project # 19190178; 19200357)”.
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XZ wrote the manuscript, analyzed the data and designed the research. WD provided the funding for the experiment. XS, JW, MX, and SC conducted experiments. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
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Supplementary Information Fig. S1
Amplification profiles of primers SCoT4 (a) and SCoTH1 (b). Lane M: Trans2K®DNA Marker, Lanes 1–14: fourteen individuals belonging to C. bretschneideri, Lanes 15–16: two individuals belonging to C. maximowiczii, Lanes 17–19: three individuals belonging to C. sanguinea, Lanes 20–27: eight individuals belonging to C. pinnatifida, Lanes 28–31: four individuals belonging to C. hupehensis, Lanes 32–34: three individuals belonging to C. scabrifolia, Lanes 35–36: two individuals belonging to C. altaica. Details of Crataegus individuals were in Table 1. Supplementary file1 (TIF 2452 KB)
Supplementary Information Fig. S2
△K value calculated by Structure Harvester; When K = 5, △K was maximum. Supplementary file2 (TIF 189 KB)
Supplementary Information Table S1
Scales of qualitative traits of genus Crataegus. Supplementary file3 (XLSX 16 KB)
Supplementary Information Table S2
SCoT markers statistical data of Crataegus individuals. Supplementary file4 (XLSX 36 KB)
Supplementary Information Table S3
Assessment results of phenotypic traits of Crataegus accessions. Supplementary file5 (XLSX 23 KB)
Supplementary Information Table S4
Diversity analyses of qualitative traits of Crataegus accessions. Supplementary file6 (XLSX 18 KB)
Supplementary Information Table S5
Principal component analysis for Crataegus accessions based multiply phenotypic traits. Supplementary file7 (XLSX 20 KB)
Supplementary Information Table S6
Genetic similarities of Crataegus accessions based on the Jaccard’s coefficients. Supplementary file8 (XLSX 21 KB)
Supplementary Information Table S7
Genetic Distance of Crataegus accessions based on SCoT markers. Supplementary file9 (XLSX 18 KB)
Supplementary Information Table S8
Principal coordinate analysis of Crataegus accessions based on genetic distances. Supplementary file10 (XLSX 36 KB)
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Zhang, X., Sun, X., Wang, J. et al. Evaluation of molecular and phenotypic diversity of Crataegus bretschneideri C. K. Schneid. and related species in China. Genet Resour Crop Evol 70, 221–234 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-022-01428-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-022-01428-0