Abstract
Kola (Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl.) is a tree crop of great economic and socio-cultural importance. Available genetic resources of kola are increasingly vulnerable to genetic erosion due to decreased population sizes resulting from land use changes and cutting of trees for timber and firewood production. There is therefore an urgent need to conserve genetic resources of kola in Ghana. The objective of this research was to map distribution, ascertain status of collection and conservation of kola in Ghana and to collect germplasm from mapped provenances for characterization and breeding of improved varieties. Mapping of distribution of kola was carried out by undertaking trips to kola growing areas in Ghana. Transects were constructed and an inventory of C. nitida was carried out using GPS. The geo-references were interpolated into the map of Ghana using ArcGIS software. The spatial analysis showed Jasikan, Akaa, Ahamasu, Ampeyo, Pampawie, Oyoko, Akwadum, Jejeti, Atwedie, Kwahu, Asuom, Tweapease, Kade, Twifo Praso, Assin Fosu, Ntafrewaso, Hemang, Jamasi, Kona, Bipoa, Offinso, Akumadan and Aframcho as the areas with a dense natural populations of C. nitida. The current knowledge and understanding of distribution of kola resources provides opportunity to have a comprehensive collection of genetic resources of kola in Ghana. This aided in collection of 102 new accessions from 22 provenances in the Volta and Eastern regions of Ghana. This in addition to 226 earlier collections constitute 328 accessions of C. nitida in Ghana. The evaluation and understanding of diversity of these kola resources could offer yet-unknown traits of high economic value for further domestication and development of improved varieties.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Abdul-Karimu A, Osei-Bonsu K, Adu-Ampomah Y, Amoah FM, Anim-Kwapong GJ, Takrama JF, Sarfo JE, Acheampong K (2004) Kola germplasm collection and conservation at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG). J Ghana Sci Assoc 6(1):139–146
Acquah G (2012) Principles of plant genetics and breeding, Wiley-Blackwell West Sussex, P01985Q, UK
Adenuga OO, Mapayi EF, Olasupo FO, Olaniyi OO, Oyedokun AV (2012) Nigeria’s cola genetic resources: the need for renewed exploration. Asian J Agric Sci 4(3):177–182
Akpertey A, Dadzie AM, Adu-Gyamfi PKK, Ofori A, Padi FK (2017) Effectiveness of juvenile traits as selection criteria for yield efficiency in kola. Sci Hortic 216:264–271
Asare R (2005) Cocoa agroforests in West Africa: a look at activities on preferred trees in the farming systems. Forest and Landscape Working Papers no.6. 2005 Published on www.SL.kvl.dk ISNN 87–7903–191–9.
Asogwa EU, Anikwe JC, Mokwunye FC (2006) Kola production and utilization for economic development. African Scientist 7(4):217–222
Bartley BGD (2005) The genetic diversity of cacao and its utilization. CABI Publishing CAB International Wallingford Oxfordshire, Oxford
Dah-Nouvlessounon D, Adjanohoun A, Sina H, Noumavo PA, Diarrasouba N, Parkouda C, Madode YE, Dicko MH, Baba-Moussa L (2015) Nutritional and anti-nutrient composition of three kola nuts (Cola nitida, Cola acuminate, Garcinia cola) production in Benin. Food Nutrit Sci 6:1395–1407
Fereday N, Gordon A, Oji G (1997) Domestic market potential for tree products from farms and rural communities: experience from Cameroon. NRI Socio-Economic Services Report No. 13. Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Chatham
Frankel OH, Brown AHD, Burdon J (1995) The conservation of cultivated plants. The conservation of plant biodiversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 79–117
Guarino L, Jarvis A, Hijmans RJ, Maxted N (2002) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the conservation and use of plant genetic resources. In: Engels JMM, Ramanatha Rao V, Brown AHD, Jackson MT (eds) Managing plant genetic diversity, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) Rome, Italy, pp 387–404
Hijmans RJ, Schreuder M, De la Cruz J, Guarino L (1999) Using GIS to check coordinates of genebank accessions. Genet Resour Crop Evol 46:291–296
Jarvis A, Touval JL, Castro Schmitz M, Sotomayor L, Hyman GG (2010) Assessment of threats to ecosystems in South America. J Nat Conserv 18:180–188
Laghetti G, Hammer K (2004) Crop genetic resources from Mediterranean: a review on exploration, collecting and other safeguarding activities. Recent Res Dev Crop Sci 1:165–209
Manu-Boafo E (1970) Nursery and management; Cola seedlings. Report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana, 1968/69, 19
MoFA (2012). Tree crops policy (2013–2017)
Ndagi I, Babalola FD, Mokwunye IU, Anagbogu CF, Aderolu IA, Ugioro O, Asogwa EU, Idrisu M, Mokwunye FC (2012) Potentials and challenges of kolanut production in Niger state. Nigeria Int Schol Res Netw. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/492394
Nyadanu D, Akpertey A, Asirifi DI (2017) Breeding of kola (Cola nitida (Vent) Schott. and Endl.) in Ghana: challenges, achievements and the way forward. Presented at the 17th annual meeting and scientific conference of the Ghana Institute of Horticulturists, UDS, Tamele, 5th–6th October, 2017 under the theme ‘planting for food and jobs: the role of horticulture
Nyadanu D, Lowor ST, Akpertey A, Tchokponhoue DA, Pobee P, Dogbatse JA, Amon-Armah F, Brako-Marfo M (2020) Genetic variability of bioactive compounds and selection for nutraceutical quality in kola (Cola nitida (Vent) Schott. And Endl.) (in press)
Onomo PF, Niemenak N, Ndoumou DO (2006) Isoenzyme variability of three Cola (Cola acuminate (Pal de Beauv, Schott and Endlicher), Cola nitida ((Vent) Schott and Endlicher) and Cola anomala (Schott and Endlicher) germplasm in Cameroon. Pak J Biol Sci 9(3):391–397
Osei-Bonsu K, Ameyaw Oduro C, Tetteh JP (2003) Traditional cocoa agroforestry: 1. Species encountered in the cocoa ecosystem of a typical cocoa growing district in Ghana. Paper presented at the 14th international cocoa research conference, Accra Ghana. 13–18 October.
Petit RJ, El Mousadik A, Pons O (1998) Identifying populations for conservation on the basis of genetic markers. Conserv Biol 12:844–855
Tanksley SD, McCouch SR (1997) Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science 227:1063–1066
Van Eijnatten, C.L.M. (1969). Kola: Its Botany and Cultivation. Communication No 59 of the Dept of Agric Res Koninklijk Institute Voor de tropen, Amsterdam.
Acknowledgements
The support of farmers and drivers of Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana during the mapping exercise and collection of kola germplasm is highly acknowledged. The assistance of Masters Foster Ansah, Abass Mohammed and Madam Emma Attaah Yeboah in the grafting of the collected budwoods is also highly acknowledged and appreciated. This paper is published with the permission of the Executive Director of the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana as manuscript number CRIG/12/2019/048/004.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
This research article is an account of our own research and has not been published elsewhere. Work of other researchers which served as references has been duly acknowledged.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nyadanu, D., Akpertey, A., Dadzie, A.M. et al. Mapping spatial distribution of genetic resources of kola (Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl.) in Ghana and collection of germplasm for conservation, characterization and development of improved varieties. Genet Resour Crop Evol 68, 69–77 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-01036-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-01036-w