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Mirza (Hacızade) Gökgöl (1897–1981): the great explorer of wheat genetic resources in Turkey

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Abstract

Mirza (Hacızade) Gökgöl (1897–1981) was a leading agro-ecological plant scientist, agronomist and breeder in Turkey. Gökgöl carried out extensive breeding programmes extensively selecting from local plant genetic resources from across Turkey from 1925 till the 1950s. He collected and evaluated cultivars, landraces and wild relatives, predominantly of wheat, but also of barley, lentil and other crops in Turkey during 1929–1955. He published books on wheat and other cereals, potatoes, castor bean, sweet clover, poppy, and other crops. He was a hardworking pioneer utilizing wheat genetic resources for crop improvement. Since his ample work has hardly been accessible by the English-speaking scientific community today, we are providing an overview of his major work, mainly on wheat. The books he published can still be found in libraries, although with difficulties. However, his articles, leaflets etc., are hardly accessible. Some of them are: Turkish Wheats, vols. 1 and 2, Plant Breeding through Scientific Methods (1928, translation of a book by E. Baur), The Basics of Wheat Breeding (1954), and Agriculture and Breeding of Cool Season Cereals–Wheat, Rye, Barley, and Oats (1969). In addition to the summary of his books, we reviewed his views and discussions about the centres of origin and diversity, and compared with those of Vavilov.

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Notes

  1. Some of this material is being preserved at the IPK genebank in Gatersleben.

  2. Species names used by Gökgöl are given in parentheses.

  3. I.D. Mustafaev, a famous wheat specialist from Azerbaijan (see Tejmurova 1970), exchanged ideas and material with Gökgöl. Tejmurova NM (ed) (1970) I. D. Mustafaev. Bibliografija. Izd ELM, Baku.

  4. Gökgöl (1955) considered this subspecies and its six botanical varieties as belonging to T. turanicum, whereas according to Dorofeev et al. (1979), they belong to T. durum convar. falcatum.

  5. From January 1, 1935 a Latin description or diagnosis is necessary for a new description according to ICBN. Dorofeev et al. 1979 accepted the new description of Gökgöl 1941, 1955; a short Latin diagnosis is still necessary to validate the description.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Mirza Gökgöl’s daughter Şule Aral and her family for providing pictures, information about his family and education, and sharing their private memories. We are grateful to the archive of the Austrian Academy of Sciences for providing copies of letters of M. Gökgöl to E. Tschermak-Seysenegg (Gökgöl 1937b–1958). Helmut Knüpffer would like to thank his colleague and friend Seçkin Eroğlu (Izmir) for assistance with translating and interpreting Turkish texts.

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Author notes

  1. Benjamin Kilian

    Present address: Global Crop Diversity Trust, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113, Bonn, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department, Science and Literature Faculty, Abant İzzet Baysal University, 14280, Gölköy, Bolu, Turkey

    Nusret Zencirci & Hande Yılmaz

  2. Genetic Resources Institute, ANAS, Azadliq Ave. 155, A71106, Bakû, Azerbaijan

    Nargiz Garaybayova

  3. Aksaray Vocational School for Technical Sciences, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey

    Alptekin Karagöz

  4. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany

    Benjamin Kilian, Karl Hammer & Helmut Knüpffer

  5. Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, 01330, Adana, Turkey

    Hakan Özkan

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  1. Nusret Zencirci
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Correspondence to Nusret Zencirci.

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Additional information

Dedicated to the memory of Mirza Gökgöl at the occasion of his 120th birthday (14 September 2017).

References by M. Gökgöl (Hacızade) are cited under the name under which he published the respective work (M. Hacızade accepted the family name Gökgöl on 17 December 1934).

Appendix

Appendix

Scientific names Triticum with author Gökgöl or Hacızade as treated by Dorofeev et al. (1979). Names in bold italics are those accepted by Dorofeev et al. (1979), all others are considered synonyms.

  • T. compactum convar. compactum var. pseudoicterinum P. Greben., 1929, Opred. Raznov. Pshen.: 15; Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4: 76—T. aestivum var. pseudoicterinum (P. Greben.) Mansf., 1951, Züchter 21: 54 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 230)

  • T. compactum convar. compactum var. pseudosplendens Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76—T. aestivum var. pseudosplendens (Hacız.) Mansf., 1951, Züchter 21: 55 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 230)

  • T. compactum convar. rigidicompactum (Kudr.) A. Filat. et Dorof. var. pseudoerinaceum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76—T. aestivum var. pseudoerinaceum (Hacız.) Mansf., 1951, Züchter 21: 52 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 221)

  • T. compactum var. anatolicum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76 = T. compactum convar. rigidicompactum (Kudr.) A. Filat. et Dorof. var. kanaschii Kob., 1928, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 19, 1: 92—T. aestivum var. kanaschii (Kob.) Mansf., 1951, Züchter 21: 50 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 221)

  • T. durum convar. durocompactum Flaksb. var. alexandrinum Körn. f. tristemudanianum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 91, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 117

  • T. durum convar. durocompactum Flaksb. var. pseudohordeiforme Flaksb. f. ferepseudohordeiforme Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 92, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 119

  • T. durum convar. durocompactum Flaksb. var. yesilkoense Gökgöl f. griseocompressum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 91, nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 120

  • T. durum convar. durocompactum Flaksb. var. yesilkoense Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 93, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 119

  • T. durum convar. durum subconvar. muticum (Orlov) Dorof. et A. Filat. var. muticinazilliense Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 94, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 114

  • T. durum convar. durum var. apulicum Körn. f. fereapulicum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 92, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorof. et al. 1979, p. 108

  • T. durum convar. durum var. leucomelan (Alef.) Körn. f. tristeleucomelan Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 89, descr. turc. nom. inval., but accepted by Dorof. et al. 1979, p. 110

  • T. durum convar. durum var. leucurum (Alef.) Körn. f. fereleucurum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 89, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorof. et al. 1979, p. 110

  • T. durum f. griseoapulicum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 92, descr. turc., nom. inval. = T. durum var. rubrimurinum Menabde, 1948, Pshen. Gruz.: 66, descr. ross. (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 113)

  • T. durum f. griseo-melanopus Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 92, descr. turc., nom. inval. = T. durum convar. durum var. cineraceum Thum., 1934, Opred. Khlebn. Zlakov (Kolos.): 207

  • T. durum f. leviapulicum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 92, descr. turc., nom. inval. = T. durum var. leviapulicum Dorof., 1968, Bull. VIR, 13: 73 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 110)

  • T. durum f. levihordeiforme Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 90, descr. turc., nom. inval. = T. durum var. levihordeiforme Dorof., 1968, Bull. VIR, 13: 73 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 110)

  • T. durum subconvar. durum T. durum f. griseoafricanum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 92, descr. turc., nom. inval., there is no such material in VIR available for lectotypification of this taxon (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 113)

  • T. durum subconvar. durum T. durum f. griseoitalicum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 92, descr. turc., nom. inval., there is no such material in VIR available for lectotypification of this taxon (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 113)

  • T. durum subconvar. durum T. durum f. griseoleucomelan Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 89, descr. turc., nom. inval., there is no such material in VIR available for lectotypification of this taxon (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 113)

  • T. durum subconvar. durum T. durum f. griseoniloticum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 92, descr. turc., nom. inval., there is no such material in VIR available for lectotypification of this taxon (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 113)

  • T. durum var. apulicum f. nigroapulicum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 92, descr. turc., nom. inval. = T. durum convar. durum var. apulicum Körn. f. nigrapulicum Dekapr. ex Dorof. et A. Filat. in Dorof. et al., 1979, Kult. Fl. 1: 108—T. durum var. nigroapulicum Dekapr., 1954, Trudy Inst. Polevod. 8: 30, descr. ross. (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 108)

  • T. durum var. aydiniense (Hacız.) Gökgöl f. tristeaydiniense Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 89, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 117

  • T. durum var. erythromelan f. levierythromelan Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 90, descr. turc., nom. inval. = T. durum var. levierythromelan Dorof. in Dorof. et al., 1979, Kult. Fl. 1: 110

  • T. durum var. melanopus f. pseudomelanopus Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 92 = T. durum convar. durocompactum Flaksb. var. pseudomelanopus Flaksb., 1922, Opred. nast. khlebov: 59—T. pyramidale var. pseudo-compressum Percival, 1921, Wheat Pl.: 261, quoad pl. aegypt. (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 119)

  • T. durum var. muticoalboobscurum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 93, descr. turc., nom. inval. = T. durum convar. durum subconvar. muticum (Orlov) Dorof. et A. Filat. var. muticalbobscurum Flaksb. ex Dorof. et A. Filat. in Dorof. et al., 1979, Kult. Fl. 1: 114—T. durum grex muticoalboobscurum Flaksb., 1935, Kult. Fl. SSSR, 1: 222, descr. ross.

  • T. durum var. nazilliense Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 94, descr. turc., nom. inval. = T. durum var. melaleucum Dorof. in Dorof. et al., 1979, Kult. Fl. 1: 111—T. durum var. melaleucum Dorof. et Lapt., 1963, Vestn. Selskokhoz. Nauki, 11: 110, sine typowa

  • T. orientale var. bandirmaicum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76 = T. turanicum var. bandirmaicum (Hacız.) Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekâl. 716: 97 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 132)

  • T. orientale var. gasimustafakemalii Hacız., 1932, Züchter, 4, 3: 76 = T. turanicum var. gasimustafakemalii (Hacız.) Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekâl. Nes. Haberl. Müdür.716: 97—T. turanicum var. turanoleucurum Mustafaev, 1964, Pshen. Azerb.: 24 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 133)

  • T. orientale var. generosum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76 = T. turanicum var. generosum (Hacız.) Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekâl. 716: 97—T. turanicum var. turanohordeiforme Mustafaev, 1964, Pshen. Azerb.: 24 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 133)

  • T. orientale var. jalovanianum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76 = T. turanicum var. jalovanianum (Hacız.) Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekâl. 716: 97 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 133)

  • T. persicum var. ismeticum Gökgöl, 1941, Zeitschr. Pflanzenzücht. A 23: 578, ‘ismet-inonui’, descr. germ., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 184—as T. persicum Vavilov is a nom. illeg., a new combination of the botanical variety would be necessary under T. carthlicum

  • T. polonicum convar. compactum var. aegeicum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekâl. 716: 112, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 144

  • T. polonicum convar. compactum var. anatolicum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 112, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 144

  • T. polonicum convar. compactum var. caryopsirubrum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 112, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 144

  • T. polonicum convar. compactum var. pseudocaryopsirubrum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716:112, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 145

  • T. polonicum convar. compactum var. pseudozaferanicum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 113, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 145

  • T. polonicum convar. compactum var. zaferanicum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 113, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 145

  • T. polonicum convar. compactum var. zonguldakicum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 113, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 145

  • T. polonicum convar. polonicum var. pseudochrysospermum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 111, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 143

  • T. pyramidale var. aydiniense Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76 = T. durum convar. durocompactum Flaksb. var. aydiniense (Hacız.) Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 89—T. durum var. pseudoleucomelan Schreib., 1934, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 5, 2: 148 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 117)

  • T. pyramidale var. diyarbekiricum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 72 = T. durum convar. durocompactum Flaksb. var. pseudohordeiforme Flaksb., 1922, Opred. nast. khlebov: 59—T. pyramidale var. rubrospicatum Stol., 1929–1930, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 23, 4: 125 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 119)

  • T. pyramidale var. mudanianum Hacız, 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76 = T. durum convar. durocompactum Flaksb. var. pseudomurciense Flaksb., 1922, Opred. nast. khlebov: 59—T. pyramidale var. rubrosemineum Stol., 1929–1930, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 23, 4: 125

  • T. pyramidale var. pseudoaffine Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76 = T. durum convar. durocompactum Flaksb. var. pseudoaffine (Hacız.) Schreib., 1934, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 5, 2: 147—T. durum var. affine f. pseudoaffine (Hacız.) Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 90 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 118)

  • T. pyramidale var. pseudocoerulescens Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76 = T. durum convar. durocompactum Flaksb. var. pseudocaerulescens (Hacız.) Schreib., 1934, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 5, 2: 162—T. durum var. coerulescens f. pseudocoerulescens (Hacız.) Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 93 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 119)

  • T. pyramidale var. pseudodiyarbekiricum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76 = T. durum convar. durocompactum Flaksb. var. rubrinigrum (Stol.) Dorof. et A. Filat. in Dorof. et al., 1979, Kult. Fl. 1: 119—T. pyramidale var. rubronigrum Stol., 1929–1930, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 23, 4: 125

  • T. pyramidale var. pseudomudanianum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76 = T. durum convar. durocompactum Flaksb. var. alexandrinum Körn. in Körn. et Werner, 1885, Handb. Getreideb. 1: 71—T. durum var. pseudoalexandrinum auct. non Flaksb.: Schreib., 1934, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 5, 2: 154—T. durum grex alexandrinum var. pseudoalexandrinum Schreib. et Flaksb. in Flaksb., 1935, Kult. Fl. SSSR, 1: 205 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 117)

  • T. pyramidale var. pseudoreichenbachii Hacız, 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76 = T. durum convar. durocompactum Flaksb. var. pseudoreichenbachii (Hacız.) Schreib., 1934, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 5, 2: 151

  • T. spelta subsp. kuckuckianum Gökgöl, 1961, Zeitschr. Pflanzenzücht. 45, 3/4: 320, descr. germ. sine typo = T. spelta subsp. kuckuckianum Gökgöl ex Dorof. et A. Filat. in Dorof. et al., 1979, Kult. Fl. 1: 202

  • T. spelta var. baktiaricum Gökgöl, 1961, Zeitschr. Pflanzenzücht. 45, 3/4: 322, descr. germ. sine typo, nom. inval. = T. spelta subsp. kuckuckianum Gökgöl ex Dorof. et A. Filat. convar. kuckuckianum A. Filat. et Dorof. var. subbaktiaricum Dorof., 1970, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 42, 2: 289 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 207)

  • T. spelta var. buldojii Gökgöl, 1961, Zeitschr. Pflanzenzücht. 45, 3/4: 322, descr. germ. sine typo, nom. inval. = T. spelta subsp. kuckuckianum Gökgöl ex Dorof. et A. Filat. convar. kuckuckianum A. Filat. et Dorof. var. subbuldojii Udacz., 1979, Bull. VIR, 84: 70—T. spelta var. alboarduini Mustafaev, 1971Footnote 3, Opred. Pshen. Azerb.: 75, nom. inval. (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 207)

  • T. spelta var. sharkordii Gökgöl, 1961, Zeitschr. Pflanzenzücht. 45, 3/4: 322, descr. germ. sine typo, nom. inval. = T. spelta var. subsharkordii Dorof., 1970, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 42, 2: 290 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 207)

  • T. turanicum subsp. falcatum (Jakubz.) Gökgöl, 1955Footnote 4, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 95 = T. durum convar. falcatum (Jakubz.) Dorof. et A. Filat. in Dorof. et al., 1979, Kult. Fl. 1: 122—T. durum grex falcata Jakubz., 1932, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. Prilozh. 53: 65—T. durum typus falcata (Jakubz.) Kob., 1932, Khlebn. Zlaki Turtsii: 8—T. durum proles falcatum (Jakubz.) Flaksb., 1935, Kult. Fl. SSSR, 1: 188—T. durum subsp. falcatum (Jakubz.) Jakubz., 1959, Bot. Zhurn. 44, 10: 1425; idem, 1961, Vid. Sort. Rast. Resursy Pshen.: 27

  • T. turanicum subsp. orientale (Percival) Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 95 = T. durum convar. falcatum (Jakubz.) Dorof. et A. Filat.

  • T. turanicum var. bandirmaicum (Hacız.) Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 97, descr. turc. quoad T. turanicum subsp. falcatum (Jakubz.) Gökgöl = T. durum convar. falcatum (Jakubz.) Dorof. et A. Filat. var. falcatifastuosum Dorof. et A. Filat. in Dorof. et al., 1979, Kult. Fl. 1: 125—Basionym: T. orientale Percival var. bandirmaicum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76

  • T. turanicum var. gazi-mustafa-kemali (Hacız.) Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 97, descr. turc. quoad T. turanicum subsp. falcatum (Jakubz.) Gökgöl = T. durum convar. falcatum (Jakubz.) Dorof. et A. Filat. var. falcatileucurum Jakubz. et A. Filat. in Dorof. et al., 1979, Kult. Fl. 1: 125—Basionym: T. orientale Percival var. gazi-mustafa-kemali Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76

  • T. turanicum var. griseoinsigne Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekâl. 716: 97 = T. turanicum var. daralagesi (Thum.) Udacz. in Dorof. et al., 1979, Kult. Fl. 1: 132—T. orientale var. daralagesi Thum., 1936, Trudy Arm. Selskokhoz. Inst. 1: 3

  • T. turanicum var. insigne (Percival) Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekâl. 716: 97—T. orientale var. insigne Percival, 1921, Wheat Pl.: 205 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 133)

  • T. turanicum var. notabile (Percival) Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekâl. 716: 97—T. orientale var. notabile Percival, 1921, Wheat Pl.: 205 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 134)

  • T. turanicum var. pseudobandirmaicum (Hacız.) Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 95, descr. turc. quoad T. turanicum subsp. falcatum (Jakubz.) Gökgöl = T. durum convar. falcatum (Jakubz.) Dorof. et A. Filat. var. falcatafricanum Dorof. et A. Filat. in Dorof. et al., 1979, Kult. Fl. 1: 124—Basionym: T. orientale Percival var. pseudobandirmaicum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76

  • T. turanicum var. pseudobandirmaicum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 97, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 134

  • T. turanicum var. pseudogenerosum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 97, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 134

  • T. turanicum var. pseudojalovanianum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 97, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 134

  • T. turanicum var. rarissimum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 97, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorofeev et al. 1979, 134

  • T. turanicum var. rarissimum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 97, descr. turc., nom. inval., quoad T. turanicum subsp. falcatum (Jakubz.) Gökgöl = T. durum convar. falcatum (Jakubz.) Dorof. et A. Filat. var. falcatileucomelan Dorof. et A. Filat. in Dorof. et al., 1979, Kult. Fl. 1: 125

  • T. turgidum convar. turgidum var. griseomegalopolitanum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 105, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorof. et al. 1979, p. 87Footnote 5

  • T. turgidum convar. turgidum var. griseopseudomirabile Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 106, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorof. et al. 1979, p. 87

  • T. turgidum convar. turgidum var. griseorubroalbum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 106, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorof. et al. 1979, p. 87

  • T. turgidum convar. turgidum var. griseorubroatrum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 106, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorof. et al. 1979, p. 87

  • T. turgidum convar. turgidum var. griseosalomonis Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 105, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorof. et al. 1979, p. 87

  • T. turgidum convar. turgidum var. miscibile Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76

  • T. turgidum convar. turgidum var. nigriglumarum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76

  • T. turgidum convar. turgidum var. tristerubratrum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 106, descr. turc., nom. inval., but accepted by Dorof. et al. 1979, p. 88

  • T. turgidum proles hapolocompactum Gökgöl, 1955, Ziraat Vekậl. 716: 104 = T. turgidum turgidocompactum type 4 marashii Kob., 1932, Khlebn. Zlaki Turtsii: 16 (according to Dorof. et al. 1979, p. 83, this form of T. turgidum convar. turgidum recognized by Kobelev has dense, very short spikes)

  • T. turgidum var. caryopsirubrum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76 = T. turgidum convar. turgidum var. pseudosalomonis Papad., 1929, Formes Grecq. Blé: 36—T. turgidum grex pseudosalomonis (Papad.) Flaksb., 1935, Kult. Fl. SSSR, 1: 254 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 88)

  • T. turgidum var. izmiricum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 4, 3: 76, nom. superfl. = T. turgidum convar. turgidum var. herrerae Körn. in Körn. et Werner, 1885, Handb.: 60—T. turgidum grex herrerae (Körn.) Flaksb., 1935, Kult. Fl. SSSR, 1: 251 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 87)

  • T. vulgare var. nigroatrum Hacız., 1932, Züchter 3/4: 76 = T. aestivum convar. semirigidum A. Filat. et Dorof. var. ardjeschicum (Thum.) Mansf., 1951, Züchter 21: 56—T. vulgare var. ardjeschicum Thum., 1929, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 22, 2: 310 (Dorofeev et al. 1979, p. 257)

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Zencirci, N., Yılmaz, H., Garaybayova, N. et al. Mirza (Hacızade) Gökgöl (1897–1981): the great explorer of wheat genetic resources in Turkey. Genet Resour Crop Evol 65, 693–711 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-018-0606-9

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