Abstract
A floristic study of vascular flora of ancient olive groves of Apulia (Italy) was carried out from 2009 to 2011. Research was made in the fields and in the ecological infrastructures of four olive groves, located in protected areas: National Park of Gargano, Park of Dune Costiere, State and Marine Natural Reserve of Torre Guaceto and of Le Cesine. Floristic analysis was carried out by Raunkiaer and Braun-Blanquet. Biological forms and chorological types were named according to Raunkiear. Overall, 408 taxa were identified, of which 332 species, 73 subspecies and 3 varieties, belonging to 275 genera and 74 families. A small segment of 18 taxa, out of 408, was considered of conservation interest. For these taxa the topography of the collecting site, plant community, population density, degree of vulnerability and habitats were recorded, according to the Directive 92/43/EEC. Another segment of 111 taxa, out of a total of 408, was considered important for usage, which for the sake of presentation has been divided in five arbitrary categories: food crops, fodder crops, medicinal, aromatic and officinalis, crop wild relatives and edible wild species. For each of these taxa, an attempt to provide relevant information was made. Only two taxa, i.e., Muscari parviflorum and Aegilops uniaristata are common to both segments. The work was carried out within the competence of the LIFE+ CENT.OLI.MED. (LIFE07 NAT/IT/000450) project, with the aim to gather information for improving conservation and management of olive groves of Apulia, as well as of their related wild life.
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Acknowledgments
The authors whish to thank the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute at Valenzano (Bari), Italy, as the coordinating beneficiary of the LIFE+ CENT.OLI.MED. (LIFE07 NAT/IT/000450) project, that made the present study possible. They wish also to thank the owners of the investigated olive orchards for providing access to their farms and facilities. Thanks are due to the Botanical Garden Museum of the University of Bari, Italy, for the availability of the herbarium and library. Finally, authors whish to thank Prof. Piero Medagli for valuable comments and suggestions for the manuscript.
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Appendix: Floristic List
Appendix: Floristic List
Species | Acronyms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LF (3) | CT (3) | CIN (1) | PUM (2) | |||
Polypodiidae | ||||||
Dennstaedtiaceae | ||||||
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. aquilinum | G | C | ||||
Pteridaceae | ||||||
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | G | Pn | ||||
Aspleniaceae | ||||||
Ceterach officinarum Willd. | H | Ese | MAP | |||
Pinidae | ||||||
Pinaceae | ||||||
Pinus halepensis Miller | P | Ms | MAP | |||
Magnoliidae | ||||||
Lauraceae | ||||||
Laurus nobilis L. | P | Ms | MAP | |||
Araceae | ||||||
Arisarum vulgare Targ.-Tozz. | G | Ms | ||||
Arum italicum Miller subsp. italicum | G | Ms | ||||
Dioscoraceae | ||||||
Tamus communis L. | G | Me | ||||
Colchicaceae | ||||||
Colchicum cupanii Guss. | G | Ms | ||||
Smilacaceae | ||||||
Smilax aspera L. | NP | Tps | ||||
Liliaceae | ||||||
Gagea granatellii (Parl.) Parl. | G | Msd | VU | |||
Gagea mauritanica Durieu | G | Mssw | CR | |||
Orchidaceae | ||||||
Barlia robertiana (Loisel.) Greuter | G | Ms | CI | |||
Ophrys incubacea Bianca | G | Ms | CI | |||
Orchis palustris Jacq. | G | Me | CI-EN | |||
Orchis purpurea Huds. | G | Ea | CI | |||
Iridaceae | ||||||
Gladiolus italicus Mill. | G | Me | MAP | |||
Hermodactylus tuberosus (L.) Mill. | G | Msn | ||||
Romulea columnae Sebast. et Mauri | G | Ms | ||||
Xanthorrhoeaceae | ||||||
Asphodelus fistulosus L. | H | Tpsp | ||||
Asphodelus ramosus L. subsp. ramosus | G | Ms | ||||
Amaryllidaceae | ||||||
Allium ampeloprasum L. | G | Me | CRO | |||
Allium roseum L.* | G | Ms | ||||
Allium subhirsutum L. | G | Ms | ||||
Allium trifoliatum Cirillo | G | Mse | ||||
Asparagaceae | ||||||
Asparagus acutifolius L.* | NP | Ms | EWS | |||
Charybdis pancration (Steinh.) Speta | G | Msm | ||||
Loncomelos narbonensis (Torm. in L.) Raf. | G | Me | ||||
Muscari commutatum Guss. | G | Mece | CWR | |||
Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. | G | Me | CRO | |||
Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. | G | Me | CWR | |||
Muscari parviflorum Desf. | G | Mece | PI-r | CWR | ||
Ornithogalum comosum L. | G | Mm | ||||
Ornithogalum gussonei Ten. | G | Ms | ||||
Ornithogalum umbellatum L. | G | Me | ||||
Ruscus aculeatus L. | Ch | Me | ||||
Juncaceae | ||||||
Juncus articulatus L. | G | Cb | ||||
Juncus hybridus Brot. | T | Ma | ||||
Cyperaceae | ||||||
Isolepis cernua (Vahl) Roem. et Schult. | T | Cs | ||||
Poaceae | ||||||
Achnatherum bromoides (L.) P. Beauv. | H | Ms | ||||
Aegilops ovata Auct. | T | Mst | CWR | |||
Aegilops uniaristata Vis. | T | Ad | Ad-VU | CWR | ||
Agrostis stolonifera L. | H | Cb | ||||
Aira caryophyllea L. subsp. caryophyllea | T | Tps | ||||
Arundo donax L. | G | Cs | ||||
Arundo plinii Turra | G | Ms | ||||
Avena barbata Pott ex Link* | T | Me | CWR | |||
Avena sativa L. | T | – | CRO | |||
Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P. Beauv. | H | Msw | ||||
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. | H | Tmp | ||||
Briza maxima L.* | T | Tps | ||||
Briza minor L. | T | Cs | ||||
Bromus diandrus Roth | T | Tpsp | ||||
Bromus hordeaceus L. | T | Cs | ||||
Bromus madritensis L. | T | Me | ||||
Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E. Hubb.* | T | Me | ||||
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | G | C | ||||
Cynosurus echinatus L. | T | Me | ||||
Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. glomerata | H | Tmp | ||||
Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman | H | Ms | ||||
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) P. Candargy | T | Met | CWR | |||
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. | T | Cs | ||||
Hordeum murinum L. | T | Cb | CWR | |||
Hordeum murinum L. subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang. | T | Cb | CWR | |||
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf subsp. hirta | H | Tpp | ||||
Lagurus ovatus L. subsp. ovatus | T | Ms | ||||
Lolium perenne L. | H | Cb | ||||
Lolium rigidum Gaudin | T | Tpsp | ||||
Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E. Hubb. | T | Ma | ||||
Phalaris minor Retz. | T | Tpsp | ||||
Phalaris paradoxa L. | T | Ms | ||||
Phleum pratense L. | H | Cb | ||||
Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss. subsp. miliaceum | H | Mst | FOD | |||
Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss. subsp. thomasii (Duby) Freitag | H | Ms | FOD | |||
Poa annua L. | T | C | ||||
Poa bulbosa L. | H | Tmp | ||||
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. | T | Tps | ||||
Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev | T | Cs | ||||
Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. | T | Cs | ||||
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. | G | Ctr | FOD | |||
Stipa austroitalica Martinovský subsp. austroitalica | H | I | B-DH-I | |||
Stipa capensis Thunb. | T | Ms | ||||
Trachynia distachya (L.) Link | T | Ms | ||||
Vulpia ciliata Dumort. | T | Me | ||||
Vulpia ligustica (All.) Link | T | Ms | ||||
Papaveraceae | ||||||
Fumaria capreolata L. subsp. capreolata | T | Me | ||||
Fumaria officinalis L. | H | Mem | ||||
Fumaria parviflora Lam. | T | Mt | ||||
Papaver hybridum L. | T | Mt | ||||
Papaver rhoeas L. subsp. rhoeas* | T | Mes | ||||
Ranunculaceae | ||||||
Anemone hortensis L. subsp. hortensis | G | Mn | ||||
Clematis cirrhosa L. | P | Mst | ||||
Clematis vitalba L. | P | Eca | ||||
Delphinium halteratum Sm. subsp. halteratum | T | Ms | ||||
Nigella arvensis L. | T | Me | ||||
Nigella damascena L. | T | Me | ||||
Ranunculus bullatus L. | H | Ms | ||||
Ranunculus ficaria L. | G/H | Ea | ||||
Ranunculus millefoliatus Vahl | H | Mm | ||||
Ranunculus neapolitanus Ten. | H | Mmne | ||||
Ranunculus sardous Crantz | T | Me | ||||
Crassulaceae | ||||||
Sedum rubens L. | T | Meas | ||||
Zygophyllaceae | ||||||
Tribulus terrestris L. | T | C | ||||
Fabaceae | ||||||
Acacia cyanophylla Lindley | P | Aus | ||||
Anagyris foetida L. | P | Mss | ||||
Anthyllis vulneraria L. subsp. maura (Beck) Maire | H | Mssw | ||||
Astragalus hamosus L. | T | Mt | ||||
Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirt. | H | Me | ||||
Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link | P | Ms | ||||
Ceratonia siliqua L. | P | Mss | CRO | |||
Coronilla scorpioides (L.) W.D.J. Koch | T | Me | ||||
Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser. | Ch | Me | ||||
Emerus major Mill. subsp. emeroides (Boiss. et Spruner) Soldano et F. Conti | NP | – | ||||
Hippocrepis ciliata Willd. | T | Ms | ||||
Lathyrus cicera L. | T | Me | FOD | |||
Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. | T | Ms | FOD | |||
Lathyrus sylvestris L. subsp. sylvestris | H | E | FOD | |||
Lotus corniculatus L. | H | C | ||||
Lotus edulis L. | T | Ms | ||||
Lotus ornithopodioides L. | T | Ms | ||||
Lupinus cosentinii Guss. | T | Mw | FOD | |||
Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. | T | Mw | FOD | |||
Medicago minima L. | T | Tscm | FOD | |||
Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal. | T | Me | FOD | |||
Medicago polymorpha L. | T | Me | FOD | |||
Medicago truncatula Gaertn. | T | Ms | FOD | |||
Melilotus sulcatus Desf.* | T | Msd | FOD | |||
Onobrychis aequidentata (Sm.) D’Urv. | T | Mse | ||||
Onobrychis caput-galli (L.) Lam. | T | Ms | ||||
Ononis reclinata L. | T | Mts | ||||
Ononis viscosa (L.) subsp. breviflora (DC.) Nyman | T | Mw | ||||
Scorpiurus muricatus L. | T | Me | ||||
Spartium junceum L. | P | Me | ||||
Sulla capitata (Desf.) B.H. Choi et H. Ohashi | T | Msw | FOD | |||
Tetragonolobus purpureus Moench | T | Ms | FOD | |||
Trifolium campestre Schreb. | T | Mmpw | FOD | |||
Trifolium lappaceum L. | T | Me | FOD | |||
Trifolium pratense L. | T | Cs | FOD | |||
Trifolium resupinatum L. | T | Tmp | FOD | |||
Trifolium scabrum L. subsp. scabrum | T | Me | FOD | |||
Trifolium squarrosum L. | T | Me | FOD | |||
Trifolium stellatum L. | T | Me | FOD | |||
Trifolium tomentosum L | T | Tmp | FOD | |||
Trigonella monspeliaca L. | T | Me | FOD | |||
Vicia hybrida L. | T | Me | FOD | |||
Vicia lutea L. | T | Me | FOD | |||
Vicia sativa L. | T | Cs | FOD | |||
Vicia sativa L. subsp. macrocarpa (Moris) Arcang. | T | Cs | FOD | |||
Vicia villosa Roth | T | Me | FOD | |||
Rosaceae | ||||||
Geum urbanum L. | H | Cb | ||||
Mespilus germanica L. | P | Esp | CRO | |||
Prunus avium L. subsp. avium | P | P | CRO | |||
Prunus dulcis Miller D.A. Webb | P | Msd | CRO | |||
Pyrus spinosa Forssk. | P | Ms | CWR | |||
Rosa sempervirens L. | NP | Ms | MAP | |||
Rubus canescens DC. | NP | Men | CRO | |||
Rubus ulmifolius Schott* | NP | Me | CRO | |||
Sanguisorba minor Scop. | H | Tmp | ||||
Rhamnaceae | ||||||
Paliurus spina-christi Miller | P | Ese | MAP | |||
Rhamnus alaternus L. subsp. alaternus | P | Me | ||||
Moraceae | ||||||
Ficus carica L. | P | Mt | CRO | |||
Morus alba L. | P | Ase | CRO | |||
Urticaceae | ||||||
Mercurialis annua L. | T | Tmp | ||||
Parietaria judaica L. | H | Mem | ||||
Urtica dioica L. subsp. dioica | H | Cs | MAP | |||
Urtica urens L. | T | Cs | MAP | |||
Fagaceae | ||||||
Quercus cerris L. | P | Mn | ||||
Quercus ilex L. subsp. ilex | P | Ms | ||||
Quercus pubescens Willd. subsp. pubescens | P | Esep | ||||
Juglandaceae | ||||||
Juglans regia L. | P | Assw | CRO | |||
Betulaceae | ||||||
Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. | P | P | ||||
Oxalidaceae | ||||||
Oxalis pes-caprae L.* | G | Afs | ||||
Euphorbiaceae | ||||||
Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small | T | An | ||||
Euphorbia characias L. | NP | Ms | ||||
Euphorbia exigua L. subsp. exigua | T | Me | ||||
Euphorbia helioscopia L. subsp. helioscopia* | T | C | ||||
Euphorbia peplus L. | T | Esb | ||||
Euphorbia segetalis L. | T | Mw | ||||
Euphorbia terracina L. | T | Ms | ||||
Phyllanthaceae | ||||||
Andrachne telephioides L. | Ch | Me | ||||
Violaceae | ||||||
Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau | H | Esb | ||||
Linaceae | ||||||
Linum bienne Mill. | H | Me | CWR | |||
Linum strictum L. | T | Ms | ||||
Hypericaceae | ||||||
Hypericum perforatum L. | H | Tmp | MAP | |||
Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra | H | Mse | ||||
Geraniaceae | ||||||
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér | T/H | Cs | ||||
Erodium malacoides (L.) L’Hér. subsp. malacoides | T | Ms | ||||
Geranium dissectum L. | T | Cs | ||||
Geranium molle L.* | H | Cs | ||||
Geranium purpureum Vill. | T | Me | ||||
Geranium rotundifolium L. | T | Tmp | ||||
Onagraceae | ||||||
Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. | H | Tmp | r | |||
Myrtaceae | ||||||
Myrtus communis L. subsp. communis | P | Ms | CRO | |||
Anacardiaceae | ||||||
Pistacia lentiscus L. | P | Mss | CRO | |||
Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. terebinthus | P | Me | CRO | |||
Rutaceae | ||||||
Citrus aurantium L. | P | Cn | CRO | |||
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. var. femminello | P | Hi | CRO | |||
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck “var. biondo commune del Gargano” | P | Cn | CRO | |||
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck “var. duretta del Gargano” | P | Cn | CRO | |||
Ruta chalepensis L. | Ch | Mss | MAP | |||
Malvaceae | ||||||
Althaea hirsuta L. | T | Me | ||||
Malva cretica Cav. | T | Ms | ||||
Malva sylvestris L. subsp. sylvestris | H | Esb | MAP | |||
Thymelaeaceae | ||||||
Daphne gnidium L. | P | Msm | ||||
Cistaceae | ||||||
Cistus creticus L. | NP | Mec | ||||
Cistus monspeliensis L. | NP | Ms | ||||
Cistus salviifolius L. | NP | Ms | ||||
Fumana laevipes (L.) Spach | Ch | Ms | ||||
Fumana thymifolia (L.) Spach ex Webb | Ch | Ms | ||||
Helianthemum jonium Lacaita | Ch | I | I | |||
Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. | T | Me | ||||
Resedaceae | ||||||
Reseda alba L. | T | Ms | ||||
Capparaceae | ||||||
Capparis spinosa L. | Np | Ea | CRO | |||
Brassicaceae | ||||||
Biscutella didyma L. subsp. apula Nyman | T | Mts | ||||
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. subsp. bursa-pastoris | H | C | ||||
Cardamine hirsuta L. | T | C | ||||
Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. subsp. erucoides | T | Msw | CRO | |||
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. | H | Masb | CRO | |||
Erophila verna (L.) DC. | T | Cb | ||||
Lepidium draba (L.) Desv. subsp. draba | G/H | Mt | ||||
Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC. | T | Ms | ||||
Raphanus raphanistrum L. | T | Cb | CWR | |||
Raphanus sativus L. | T | - | CRO | |||
Rapistrum rugosum (L.) Arcang. | T | Me | ||||
Sinapis alba L. | T | Mes | CWR | |||
Sinapis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis | T | Ms | CWR | |||
Sisymbrium irio L. | T | Tm | ||||
Thlaspi arvense L. | T | Asw | ||||
Santalaceae | ||||||
Osyris alba L. | NP | Me | ||||
Polygonaceae | ||||||
Rumex acetosa L. subsp. acetosa | H | Cb | ||||
Rumex buchephalophorus L. subsp. buchephalophorus | T | Mmc | ||||
Rumex crispus L. | H | Cs | ||||
Rumex pulcher L. | H/T | Me | ||||
Caryophyllaceae | ||||||
Arenaria serpyllifolia L. subsp. serpyllifolia | T | Cs | ||||
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill.* | T | Cs | ||||
Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern subsp. attica (Boiss. et Spruner) Graebn. | Ch | Me | ||||
Petrorhagia dubia (Raf.) G. Lopez et Romo | G | Msd | ||||
Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P.W. Ball. & Heywood | T | Me | ||||
Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link subsp. gasparrinii (Guss.) Greuter et Burdet | H | Me | ||||
Sagina apetala Ard. subsp. apetala | H | Me | ||||
Silene conica L. | H | Tmp | ||||
Silene italica (L.) Pers. | H | Me | ||||
Silene latifolia Poiret | T/H | Ms | ||||
Silene nocturna L. | T | Mmms | ||||
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke | H | - | ||||
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. subsp. media | T | C | ||||
Amaranthaceae | ||||||
Amaranthus retroflexus L. | T | C | CRO | |||
Beta vulgaris L. | H | Me | CWR | |||
Chenopodium hybridum L. | T | Cb | MAP | |||
Portulacaceae | ||||||
Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. oleracea | T | Cs | EWS | |||
Cactaceae | ||||||
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller | P | Nen | CRO | |||
Ericaceae | ||||||
Erica forskalii Vitm. | Ch/NP | Mes | VU | |||
Primulaceae | ||||||
Anagallis arvensis L.* | T | Me | ||||
Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton | G | Msn | CI | |||
Samolus valerandi L. | H | Cs | ||||
Rubiaceae | ||||||
Asperula aristata L. | H/Ch | Mm | ||||
Galium aparine L. | T | Ea | ||||
Galium lucidum All. | H | Me | ||||
Galium palustre L. subsp. elongatum (C. Presl.) Lange | H | Me | ||||
Galium spurium L. | T | Ea | ||||
Galium verrucosum Huds. | T | Ms | ||||
Galium verum L. | H | Ea | ||||
Rubia peregrina L.* | P | Msm | ||||
Sherardia arvensis L.* | T | Cs | ||||
Theligonum cynocrambe L. | T | Ms | ||||
Valantia muralis L. | T | Ms | ||||
Gentianaceae | ||||||
Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds. subsp. perfoliata | T | Me | ||||
Centaurium erythraea Rafn | H | Tmp | ||||
Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce subsp. pulchellum | T | Tmp | ||||
Apocynaceae | ||||||
Cynanchum acutum L. subsp. acutum | P | Tpsp | ||||
Boraginaceae | ||||||
Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch subsp. tinctoria | H | Ms | ||||
Borago officinalis L. | T | Me | CRO | |||
Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I. M. Johnst. | T | Me | ||||
Buglossoides purpureocaerulea (L.) I.M. Johnst. | H | Esp | MAP | |||
Cerinthe major L.* | T | Ms | ||||
Cynoglossum creticum Mill. | H | Me | ||||
Echium parviflorum Moench | T | Ms | ||||
Echium plantagineum L. | T/H | Me | ||||
Heliotropium europaeum L. | T | Met | ||||
Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill subsp. arvensis | T | Easw | ||||
Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. | T | An | ||||
Convolvulaceae | ||||||
Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. subsp. sepium | H | Tmp | ||||
Calystegia sylvatica (Kit.) Griseb. | H | Ese | ||||
Convolvulus althaeoides L. | H | Ms | ||||
Convolvulus arvensis L. | G | C | ||||
Convolvulus cantabrica L. | H | Me | ||||
Convolvulus elegantissimus Mill. | H | Mse | ||||
Cuscuta epithymum L. | T | Eat | ||||
Solanaceae | ||||||
Solanum nigrum L. | T | C | MAP | |||
Oleaceae | ||||||
Fraxinus ornus L. subsp. ornus | P | Menp | ||||
Olea europaea L.* | P | Ms | ||||
Phillyrea latifolia L. | P | Ms | ||||
Plantaginaceae | ||||||
Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. | T | Ea | ||||
Linaria reflexa (L.) Desf. | T | Msdw | ||||
Linaria vulgaris Mill. subsp. vulgaris | H | Ea | ||||
Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. subsp. orontium | T | Tmp | ||||
Plantago afra L. | T | Ms | ||||
Plantago bellardii All. | T | Msd | ||||
Plantago lagopus L. | T | Ms | ||||
Plantago lanceolata L. | H | Ea | ||||
Plantago major L. | H | Cs | ||||
Plantago serraria L. | H | Ms | ||||
Veronica hederifolia L.* | T | Ea | ||||
Veronica polita Fries* | T | Cs | ||||
Scrophulariaceae | ||||||
Scrophularia lucida L. | H/Ch | Mm | Ad-PI | |||
Scrophularia peregrina L. | T | Ms | ||||
Verbascum pulverulentum Vill. | H | Ecs | ||||
Verbascum sinuatum L. | H | Me | ||||
Lamiaceae | ||||||
Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench | Ch | Oes | ||||
Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreber | T | Me | ||||
Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi | H | Oes | MAP | |||
Clinopodium vulgare L. | H | Cb | ||||
Lamium amplexicaule L. | T | Tmp | ||||
Lycopus europaeus L. | H | Cb | ||||
Marrubium vulgare L. | H | Cs | MAP | |||
Micromeria graeca (L.) Benth. ex Rchb. subsp. graeca | Ch | Ms | ||||
Origanum vulgare L. subsp. viridulum (Martin-Donos) Nyman | H | Ea | CRO | |||
Prasium majus L. | Ch | Ms | ||||
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | NP | Ms | CRO | |||
Salvia verbenaca L. | H | Msa | MAP | |||
Satureja cuneifolia Ten. | Ch | Msn | PI | |||
Satureja montana L. | Ch | Omw | MAP | |||
Sideritis romana L. subsp. romana | T | Ms | ||||
Stachys germanica L. subsp. salviifolia (Ten.) Gams. | H | Mne | ||||
Teucrium capitatum L. subsp. capitatum | Ch | Ms | ||||
Teucrium flavum L. | Ch | Ms | ||||
Teucrium scordium L. | H | Eca | ||||
Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. | Ch | Mse | MAP | |||
Orobanchaceae | ||||||
Bartsia trixago L. | T | Me | ||||
Parentucellia latifolia (L.) Caruel | T | Me | ||||
Parentucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel | T | Mea | ||||
Acanthaceae | ||||||
Acanthus spinosus L. | H | Mse | MAP | |||
Verbenaceae | ||||||
Verbena officinalis L. | H | C | ||||
Campanulaceae | ||||||
Asyneuma limonifolium (L.) Janch. subsp. limonifolium | H | Ad | Ad-PI-NT | |||
Legousia hybrida (L.) Delarbre | T | Ma | ||||
Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix | T | Me | ||||
Asteraceae | ||||||
Achillea millefolium L. | H | Esb | MAP | |||
Anthemis arvensis L.* | T/H | Cs | ||||
Bellis annua L. subsp. annua | T | Msm | ||||
Bellis sylvestris Cirillo | H | Ms | ||||
Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L.* | T | Me | MAP | |||
Calendula officinalis L. | T/H | - | MAP | |||
Carduus pycnocephalus L. subsp. pycnocephalus | H | Mt | MAP | |||
Carlina corymbosa L. | H | Ms | ||||
Centaurea nicaeensis All. | H | Mssw | ||||
Chondrilla juncea L. | H | Me | ||||
Cichorium intybus L. | H | Tmp | CWR | |||
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. | G | Ea | ||||
Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay | H/Ch | Ecp | ||||
Crepis apula (Fiori) Babc. | T | I | I | |||
Crepis corymbosa Ten. | T | I | I | |||
Crepis leontodontoides All. | H | Mmw | ||||
Crepis vesicaria L. | T/H | Masb | ||||
Crupina crupinastrum (Moris) Vis. | T | Ms | ||||
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter | H | Me | ||||
Erigeron canadensis L. | T | Avv. | ||||
Eupatorium cannabinum L. | H | Tmp | MAP | |||
Galactites elegans (All.) Soldano | H | Ms | ||||
Glebionis coronaria (L.) Spach | T | Ms | ||||
Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. | T | Me | ||||
Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don | Ch | Es | ||||
Hyoseris scabra L. | T | Ms | ||||
Hypochaeris achyrophorus L. | T | Ms | ||||
Inula conyzae (Griess.) Meikle | H | Easw | ||||
Klasea flavescens (L.) Holub | H | Msdw | ||||
Lactuca serriola L. | H/T | Mess | EWS | |||
Leontodon crispus Vill. subsp. crispus | H | Es | ||||
Leontodon hispidus L. | H | Eca | ||||
Leontodon tuberosus L. | H | Ms | ||||
Matricaria chamomilla L. | T | Cs | MAP | |||
Onopordum illyricum L. | H | Ms | ||||
Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. subsp. spinosa | H | Me | ||||
Picris hieracioides L.* | H | Esb | ||||
Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. | H | Me | ||||
Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth* | H | Ms | MAP | |||
Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Gaertn. | T | Me | ||||
Senecio leucanthemifolius Poir. subsp. leucanthemifolius | T | Ms | ||||
Senecio vulgaris L. | T | C | ||||
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill | T | Ea | EWS | |||
Sonchus oleraceus L.* | T | Ea | EWS | |||
Sonchus tenerrimus L. | T | Ms | EWS | |||
Symphyotrichum squamatum (Spreng.) G.L. Nesom | T/H | Nen | ||||
Taraxacum officinale Weber | H | Cb | EWS | |||
Tragopogon porrifolius L. | H | Me | ||||
Tripolium pannonicum (Jacq.) Dobrocz. | H | Ea | ||||
Urospermum dalechampii (L.) F. W. Schmidt | H | Me | ||||
Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. ex F.W. Schmidt | T | Me | EWS | |||
Xanthium spinosum L. | T | Ams | ||||
Adoxaceae | ||||||
Sambucus nigra L. | P | Eca | MAP | |||
Viburnum tinus L. subsp. tinus | P | Ms | ||||
Caprifoliaceae | ||||||
Centranthus calcitrapae (L.) Dufr. subsp. calcitrapae | Ch | Ms | ||||
Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. subsp. ruber | Ch | Ms | ||||
Dipsacus fullonum L. | H | Me | ||||
Knautia integrifolia (L.) Bertol. subsp. integrifolia* | T | Me | ||||
Lonicera implexa Aiton subsp. implexa | P | Ms | ||||
Scabiosa columbaria L. | H | Ea | ||||
Sixalis atropurpurea (L.) Greuter et Burdet subsp. grandiflora (Scop.) Sold. et Conti | H | Ms | ||||
Valerianella muricata (Stev. ex M. Bieb.) J.W. Loudon | T | Ms | ||||
Araliaceae | ||||||
Hedera helix L. | P | Meas | ||||
Apiaceae | ||||||
Ammoides pusilla (Brot.) Breistr. | T | Ms | ||||
Daucus carota L. subsp. carota* | H | Cs | ||||
Eryngium campestre L. | H | Me | ||||
Foeniculum vulgare Miller | H | Msd | CRO | |||
Scandix pecten-veneris L.* | T | Cs | ||||
Smyrnium olusatrum L. | H | Ma | EWS | |||
Tordylium apulum L. | T | Ms | ||||
Tordylium officinale L. | T | Mne | ||||
Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link | T | Cs | ||||
Sub-total | ||||||
Category | CRO | FOD | MAP | CWR | EWS | Total |
Number of taxa | 29 | 29 | 26 | 17 | 10 | 111 |
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Perrino, E.V., Ladisa, G. & Calabrese, G. Flora and plant genetic resources of ancient olive groves of Apulia (Southern Italy). Genet Resour Crop Evol 61, 23–53 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-013-0013-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-013-0013-1