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Ophiolite Tectonics, Rock Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, Cyprus

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Abstract

Magnetic properties of minerals may be sensitive indicators of provenance. Remanence-bearing minerals (RBM) such as iron–titanium oxides, and matrix-forming minerals such as paramagnetic phyllosilicate or diamagnetic calcite yield different clues to provenance, strain history and tectonics, and are essential supplements for the full interpretation of palaeomagnetic data. Moreover, mineral magnetic properties provide magnetic-petrofabric indicators of tectonic strain, determine the suitability of sites for palaeomagnetism, and permit the restoration of palaeomagnetic vectors in some strained rocks. In the Cretaceous Troodos ophiolite (~88 Ma) magnetic properties are dictated by the relative importance of mafic silicates and largely primary, ophiolite-derived RBM. In its cover of deformed pelagic sedimentary rock, magnetic properties are dictated by the balance of clastic RBM versus matrix calcite and in some cases clay. The two larger Cretaceous ophiolite outcrops (Troodos & Akamas) share a common orientation of their plutonic flow fabrics, determined by magnetic methods. The dike complex shows fabrics indicating plume-like feeders spaced along and perpendicular to the spreading axis, with longevities >0.5 Ma. South of the ophiolite, its Cretaceous-Miocene limestone cover possesses ubiquitous tectonic petrofabrics inferred from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent susceptibility (AARM). Its foliation and maximum extension dip and plunge gently northward, sub-parallel to a common but previously unreported North-dipping stylolitic cleavage. In well-known localized areas, there are S-vergent thrusts and overturned folds. The S-vergent deformation fabrics are due to Late Miocene (pre-Messinian ~8 Ma) deformation. The structures are geometrically consistent with overthrusting of the Cretaceous Troodos-Akamas ophiolite, and its sedimentary cover, onto the underlying Triassic Mamonia terrane. The northern limit of pre-Messinian tectonic fabrics, the Troodos-Mamonia terrane boundary and the Arakapas-Transform fault form an approximate E–W composite boundary that we term the Troodos Tectonic Front. Miocene deformation remagnetized the ophiolite and its sedimentary cover in many places and also affects the Mamonia terrane to the SW, with which the Troodos terrane docked in the late Cretaceous. Magnetic mineralogy, particularly of the RBM traces the progressive un-roofing of the ophiolite during the deposition of its sedimentary cover. During the submarine exposure and erosion of the ophiolite, the contribution of RBM clasts to the overlying sedimentary cover changed qualitatively and quantitatively. Thus, magnetic mineralogy of the sedimentary rock cover records the progressive denudation of the ophiolite from lavas, down through dikes, to gabbros and deeper mantle rocks. Palaeomagnetic studies previously revealed the anticlockwise rotation of the Troodos terrane and its northwards migration. Characteristic remanent magnetism (ChRM) is most reliable for lavas and dikes although it is usually carried by recrystallized RBM. These correspond to the age of greenschist facies ocean-floor metamorphism, perhaps 7–15 Ma after igneous crystallization with an extent and depth dependent on depth and degree of hydrothermal circulation. The gabbros and mantle rocks commonly bear young (<12 Ma) remanences probably acquired (or re-acquired) during uplift of the Troodos terrane. In the cover of pre-Messinian deformed limestone (>8 Ma), the remagnetizing effects of penetrative strain have been under-estimated. Where strain has occurred, un-tilting procedures produce erroneous restorations for the remanence vectors, and thus for the associated paleopoles. We find that de-straining of limestone sites most appropriately restores ChRM vectors to their original orientation. The best-determined and restored ChRMs define an apparent polar wander path (APWP). Since the APWP terminates at the present N-pole, we inverted it to determine the true plate-motion of the Troodos-terrane. Thus, in present-day coordinates, Troodos rocks moved ~1,000 km South; then ~4,500 km East and finally ~900 km North at an approximate rate of 75 km/Ma [1 km/Ma = 1 mm/a]. This true motion path commenced ~88 Ma ago and rates of motion since 65 Ma may be too high due to the limited precision of strain-corrections of the ChRM orientations in limestone. This true motion path is compatible with the eastward and then northward rotation of Africa relative to Europe although other workers show relative motion paths.

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Acknowledgments

The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) funded this work to Graham Borradaile at the Lakehead University Rock Magnetism and Deformation Laboratory as part of a long term laboratory installation and field program of research into magneto-tectonics (1979–2010). Fieldwork was only possible with the encouragement and unstinting assistance of the Geological Survey of Cyprus, through its Director Dr. George Petrides and his Liaison Officer Dr. Ioannis Panayides. Geology owes a debt of intellectual gratitude to the Geological Survey Department of Cyprus for its production of Memoirs, Conference volumes, maps and deep drilling programs. We thank Anne Hammond for the preparation of approximately six thousand excellent drill cores (for this and earlier related studies in Cyprus) in the laboratory from oriented field-blocks, not to mention countless perfect mineral separations and thin sections. Panicos Emilianou provided superb logistical support and generous help in Cyprus, with transport, rock shipping and storage. The hospitality and kindness of the Cypriot people in general is legendary, and there are too many instances of their extraordinary support to list individually. CyCar Rentals (Larnaca) subsidised transportation and logistics. We are indebted to Molspin Ltd (UK), AGICO (Brno, Czech Republic) and Sapphiremagnetics.com (Canada) for instrumental development support of a collegial nature. David Dunlop, Mike Jackson and Rob van der Voo provided helpful correspondence at various stages and the Editor and anonymous reviewers provided constructive improvements. This forms Publication No. 2563 of the Instut de Physique du Globe de Paris.

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  1. Faculty of Science, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada

    G. J. Borradaile, T. D. Hamilton & D.-A. Trebilcock

  2. Equipe de Paléomagnétisme, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 4, Place Jussieu, Case 89, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France

    F. Lagroix

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  1. G. J. Borradaile
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  4. D.-A. Trebilcock
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Borradaile, G.J., Lagroix, F., Hamilton, T.D. et al. Ophiolite Tectonics, Rock Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, Cyprus. Surv Geophys 31, 285–359 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-009-9090-2

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