Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Revisiting the CO2 emission-induced EKC hypothesis in South Asia: the role of Export Quality Improvement

  • Published:
GeoJournal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Global climate change adversities have particularly sparked the urgency in mitigating carbon dioxide emissions across the world. Against this backdrop, the paper attempts to investigate the validity of the carbon dioxide emission-induced Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis controlling for the impacts of export quality on the economic growth-carbon dioxide emission nexus in the context of selected South Asian economies: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Using annual data from 1972 to 2014, the results from the panel data econometric analyses provide statistical validity to the EKC hypothesis while the country-specific results depict heterogeneity of the findings in this regard. The EKC hypothesis is validated only for Bangladesh and India while in the context of Pakistan the economic growth-carbon dioxide emission nexus portrays a U-shaped association. In contrast, economic growth is found to monotonically decrease carbon dioxide emissions in Sri Lanka and Nepal. Besides, the results from both the panel and time-series analyses suggest that improvement in export quality lead to lower levels of carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, the statistical significance of the interaction term between economic growth and export quality implies that the overall impacts of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions are conditional on the quality of the exports. Thus, enhancing the quality of the export products is pertinent with respect to ensuring environmental sustainability across South Asia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. For more information on renewable energy transition and its relevance to reducing CO2E see Murshed (2018), Murshed et al. (2020a).

  2. The selection of South Asian countries is based on data availability.

  3. For an in-depth understanding of the scale, composition and technique effects see Grether et al. (2009) and Liobikienė and Butkus (2019).

  4. For more information on the PHH see Al-Mulali and Tang (2013).

  5. The Hausman (1978) test also suggested the appropriateness of the random-effects model over the fixed-effects model. For brevity, the results are not reported but can be made available upon request.

References

  • Ahmed, K., & Long, W. (2012). Environmental Kuznets curve and Pakistan: an empirical analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, 4–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Mulali, U., & Che Sab, C. N. B. (2018). Energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and development in the UAE. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning and Policy, 13(4), 231–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Mulali, U., & Tang, C. F. (2013). Investigating the validity of pollution haven hypothesis in the gulf cooperation council (GCC) countries. Energy Policy, 60(1), 813–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Mulali, U., Weng-Wai, C., Sheau-Ting, L., & Mohammed, A. H. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecological Indicators, 48, 315–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Annicchiarico, B., Bennato, A. R., & Costa, A. (2009). Economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Italy 1861–2003.

  • Apergis, N., Can, M., Gozgor, G., & Lau, C. K. M. (2018). Effects of export concentration on CO2 emissions in developed countries: an empirical analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(14), 14106–14116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aruga, K. (2019). Investigating the energy-environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for the Asia-Pacific region. Sustainability, 11(8), 2395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asumadu-Sarkodie, S., & Owusu, P. A. (2017). A multivariate analysis of carbon dioxide emissions, electricity consumption, economic growth, financial development, industrialization, and urbanization in Senegal. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning and Policy, 12(1), 77–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baek, J. (2016). A new look at the FDI–income–energy–environment nexus: Dynamic panel data analysis of ASEAN. Energy Policy, 91, 22–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahar, D., Stein, E., Wagner, R. A., & Rosenow, S. (2017). The birth and growth of new export clusters: Which mechanisms drive diversification? Harvard Center for International Development Working Papers Series (86).

  • Benavides, M., Ovalle, K., Torres, C., & Vinces, T. (2017). Economic growth, renewable energy and methane emissions: Is there an enviromental Kuznets curve in Austria? International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(1), 259–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berik, G. (2000). Mature export-led growth and gender wage inequality in Taiwan. Feminist Economics, 6(3), 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bimonte, S., & Stabile, A. (2017). Land consumption and income in Italy: a case of inverted EKC. Ecological Economics, 131, 36–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherniwchan, J. (2012). Economic growth, industrialization, and the environment. Resource and Energy Economics, 34(4), 442–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costantini, V., & Crespi, F. (2008). Environmental regulation and the export dynamics of energy technologies. Ecological Economics, 66(2–3), 447–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damette, O., & Marques, A. C. (2019). Renewable energy drivers: a panel cointegration approach. Applied Economics, 51(26), 2793–2806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Destek, M. A., Balli, E., & Manga, M. (2016). The relationship between CO2 emission, energy consumption, urbanization and trade openness for selected CEECs. Research in World Economy, 7(1), 52–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dogan, B., Madaleno, M., Tiwari, A. K., & Hammoudeh, S. (2020). Impacts of export quality on environmental degradation: Does income matter? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1–38.

  • Dong, K., Sun, R., & Dong, X. (2018). CO2 emissions, natural gas and renewables, economic growth: Assessing the evidence from China. Science of the Total Environment, 640, 293–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eberhardt, M. (2012). Estimating panel time-series models with heterogeneous slopes. The Stata Journal, 12(1), 61–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Effiong, E. L. (2018). On the urbanization-pollution nexus in Africa: a semiparametric analysis. Quality & Quantity, 52(1), 445–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, J., Gozgor, G., Lu, Z., & Wu, W. (2019). Effects of the export product quality on carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from developing economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(12), 12181–12193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernández, Y. F., López, M. F., & Blanco, B. O. (2018). Innovation for sustainability: the impact of R&D spending on CO2 emissions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 3459–3467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, C. B. (Ed.) (2014). Climate change 2014—Impacts, adaptation and vuln erability: Regional aspects. Cambridge University Press.

  • Fodha, M., & Zaghdoud, O. (2010). Economic growth and pollutant emissions in Tunisia: an empirical analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve. Energy Policy, 38(2), 1150–1156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garlick, J. (2018). Deconstructing the China–Pakistan economic corridor: Pipe dreams versus geopolitical realities. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(112), 519–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasimli, O., Gamage, N., Kumara, S., Shihadeh, F., Rajapakshe, P. S. K., & Shafiq, M. (2019). Energy, trade, urbanization and environmental degradation nexus in Sri Lanka: Bounds testing approach. Energies, 12(9), 1655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Taspinar, N. (2018). Testing the agriculture-induced EKC hypothesis: the case of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(23), 22829–22841.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gozgor, G. (2017). Does trade matter for carbon emissions in OECD countries? Evidence from a new trade openness measure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(36), 27813–27821.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, A. W., & Hansen, B. E. (1996). Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts. Journal of Econometrics, 70(1), 99–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grether, J. M., Mathys, N. A., & de Melo, J. (2009). Scale, technique and composition effects in manufacturing SO2 emissions. Environmental & Resource Economics, 43(2), 257–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, G. M., Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 3914, NBER, Cambridge, MA.

  • Hallak, J. C., & Sivadasan, J. (2013). Product and process productivity: Implications for quality choice and conditional exporter premia. Journal of International Economics, 91(1), 53–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haseeb, A., Xia, E., Baloch, M. A., & Abbas, K. (2018). Financial development, globalization, and CO2 emission in the presence of EKC: Evidence from BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(31), 31283–31296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hausman, J. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46, 251–1271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayakawa, K., Mukunoki, H., & Yang, C. H. (2020). Liberalization for services FDI and export quality: Evidence from China. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 55, 101060.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henn, C., Papageorgiou, C., & Spatafora, N. (2013). Export quality in developing countries (No. 13/108). International Monetary Fund.

  • Horton, J. B., Keith, D. W., & Honegger, M. (2016). Implications of the Paris agreement for carbon dioxide removal and solar geoengineering Viewpoints. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Project on Climate Agreements.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC. (2018). Special report on global warming of 1.5 °C. Incheon, Republic of Korea: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/11/pr_181008_P48_spm_en.pdf.

  • Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B., & Ozturk, I. (2016). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries. Ecological Indicators, 60, 824–831.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, T., & Kim, J. (2020). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve for Annex I countries using heterogeneous panel data analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1–16.

  • Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 59(6), 1551–1580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration—with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishna, P., & Maloney, W. F. (2011). Export quality dynamics. The World Bank. Available at: https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-5701.

  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyoto Protocol Summit. (1997). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change. Retrieved from: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf.

  • Lee, C. C., Chiu, Y. B., & Sun, C. H. (2010). The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for water pollution: Do regions matter? Energy Policy, 38(1), 12–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liobikienė, G., & Butkus, M. (2019). Scale, composition, and technique effects through which the economic growth, foreign direct investment, urbanization, and trade affect greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable Energy, 132, 1310–1322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X., & Bae, J. (2018). Urbanization and industrialization impact of CO2 emissions in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 178–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Kim, H., & Choe, J. (2019). Export diversification, CO2 emissions and EKC: Panel data analysis of 125 countries. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 3(2), 361–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, M., Ren, X., Cheng, C., & Wang, Z. (2020). The role of globalization in CO2 emissions: a semi-parametric panel data analysis for G7. Science of the Total Environment, 718, 137379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mania, E. (2019). Export diversification and CO2 emissions: an augmented environmental Kuznets curve. Journal of International Development.

  • Martínez-Zarzoso, I., & Maruotti, A. (2011). The impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions: Evidence from developing countries. Ecological Economics, 70(7), 1344–1353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miah, M. D., Masum, M. F. H., & Koike, M. (2010). Global observation of EKC hypothesis for CO2, SOx and NOx emission: a policy understanding for climate change mitigation in Bangladesh. Energy Policy, 38(8), 4643–4651.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miah, M. D., Masum, M. F. H., Koike, M., Akther, S., & Muhammed, N. (2011). Environmental Kuznets Curve: the case of Bangladesh for waste emission and suspended particulate matter. The Environmentalist, 31(1), 59–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mrabet, Z., Alsamara, M., Saleh, A. S., & Anwar, S. (2019). Urbanization and non-renewable energy demand: a comparison of developed and emerging countries. Energy, 170, 832–839.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murshed, M. (2018). Does improvement in trade openness facilitate renewable energy transition? Evidence from selected South Asian economies. South Asia Economic Journal, 19(2), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/1391561418794691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murshed, M. (2019). An empirical investigation of foreign financial assistance inflows and its fungibility analyses: Evidence from Bangladesh. Economies, 7(3), 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7030095.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murshed, M. (2020a). Are Trade Liberalization policies aligned with Renewable Energy Transition in low and middle income countries? An Instrumental Variable approach. Renewable Energy, 151, 1110–1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.11.106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murshed, M. (2020b). An empirical analysis of the non-linear impacts of ICT-trade openness on renewable energy transition, energy efficiency, clean cooking fuel access and environmental sustainability in South Asia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09497-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murshed, M. (2020c). Revisiting the deforestation-induced EKC hypothesis: the role of democracy in Bangladesh. GeoJournal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10234-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murshed, M., Abbass, K., & Rashid, S. (2020a). Modeling renewable energy adoption across south Asian economies: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. International Journal of Finance and Economics. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murshed, M., Numakhanova, M., Elheddad, M., & Ahmed, R. (2020b). Value addition in the services sector and its heterogeneous impacts on CO2 emissions: revisiting the EKC hypothesis for the OPEC using panel spatial estimation techniques. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09593-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narayan, P. K., & Narayan, S. (2010). Carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: Panel data evidence from developing countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 661–666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Opoku, E. E. O., & Boachie, M. K. (2020). The environmental impact of industrialization and foreign direct investment. Energy Policy, 137, 111–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pablo-Romero, M. D. P., & De Jesús, J. (2016). Economic growth and energy consumption: the energy-environmental Kuznets curve for Latin America and the Caribbean. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1343–1350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development (No. 992927783402676). International Labour Organization.

  • Pata, U. K. (2019). Environmental Kuznets curve and trade openness in Turkey: Bootstrap ARDL approach with a structural break. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20), 20264–20276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 653–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels. Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(4), 727–731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1361–1401.

  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Paper in Economics No. 0435.

  • Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967–1012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. (1995). Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, M. M. (2017). Do population density, economic growth, energy use and exports adversely affect environmental quality in Asian populous countries? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 506–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roca, J., & Alcántara, V. (2001). Energy intensity, CO2 emissions and the environmental Kuznets curve. The Spanish case. Energy Policy, 29(7), 553–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romero-Ávila, D. (2008). Questioning the empirical basis of the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2: New evidence from a panel stationarity test robust to multiple breaks and cross-dependence. Ecological Economics, 64(3), 559–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roper, S., & Love, J. H. (2002). Innovation and export performance: Evidence from the UK and German manufacturing plants. Research Policy, 31(7), 1087–1102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadorsky, P. (2014). The effect of urbanization on CO2 emissions in emerging economies. Energy Economics, 41, 147–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saidi, K., & Mbarek, M. B. (2017). The impact of income, trade, urbanization, and financial development on CO2 emissions in 19 emerging economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(14), 12748–12757.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salman, M., Long, X., Dauda, L., Mensah, C. N., & Muhammad, S. (2019). Different impacts of export and import on carbon emissions across 7 ASEAN countries: a panel quantile regression approach. Science of the Total Environment, 686, 1019–1029.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapkota, P., & Bastola, U. (2017). Foreign direct investment, income, and environmental pollution in developing countries: Panel data analysis of Latin America. Energy Economics, 64, 206–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz, M., Mahalik, M. K., Shahzad, S. J. H., & Hammoudeh, S. (2019). Does the environmental Kuznets curve exist between globalization and energy consumption? Global evidence from the cross-correlation method. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 24(1), 540–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz, M., Mutascu, M., & Azim, P. (2013a). Environmental Kuznets curve in Romania and the role of energy consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 165–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz, M., Tiwari, A. K., & Nasir, M. (2013b). The effects of financial development, economic growth, coal consumption and trade openness on CO2 emissions in South Africa. Energy Policy, 61, 1452–1459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddique, H. M. A., Majeed, M. T., & Ahmad, H. K. (2016). The impact of urbanization and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in South Asia. South Asian Studies (1026-678X), 31(2).

  • Smith, V., Madsen, E. S., & Dilling-Hansen, M. (2002). Do R&D investments affect export performance? University of Copenhagen.

  • Solarin, S. A., Al-Mulali, U., Musah, I., & Ozturk, I. (2017). Investigating the pollution haven hypothesis in Ghana: an empirical investigation. Energy, 124, 706–719.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, D. (2004). The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Development, 32(8), 1419–1439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, C., Zhang, F., & Xu, M. (2017). Investigation of pollution haven hypothesis for China: an ARDL approach with breakpoint unit root tests. Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 153–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamazian, A., & Rao, B. B. (2010). Do economic, financial and institutional developments matter for environmental degradation? Evidence from transitional economies. Energy Economics, 32(1), 137–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, J. (2015). Testing the pollution haven effect: Does the type of FDI matter? Environmental & Resource Economics, 60(4), 549–578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, C. F., & Tan, B. W. (2015). The impact of energy consumption, income and foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam. Energy, 79, 447–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNEP. (2019). Emissions Gap Report 2019. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. Retrieved from: http://www.unenvironment.org/emissionsgap.

  • United Nations. (1997). Kyoto protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change. United Nations.

  • USEPA. (2019). Reducing black carbon emissions in South Asia: Low cost opportunities. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: http://ccacoalition.org/en/file/573/download?token=0ajHtUmC.

  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709–748.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2019). World development indicators. The World Bank.

  • Yavuz, N. Ç. (2014). CO2 emission, energy consumption, and economic growth for Turkey: Evidence from a cointegration test with a structural break. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning and Policy, 9(3), 229–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zakaria, M., & Bibi, S. (2019). Financial development and environment in South Asia: the role of institutional quality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(8), 7926–7937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y. J. (2011). The impact of financial development on carbon emissions: an empirical analysis in China. Energy Policy, 39(4), 2197–2203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S. (2018). Is trade openness good for environment in South Korea? The role of non-fossil electricity consumption. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(10), 9510–9522.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S., Liu, X., & Bae, J. (2017). Does trade openness affect CO2 emissions: Evidence from ten newly industrialized countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(21), 17616–17625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zivot, E., & Andrews, D. W. K. (2002). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 20(1), 25–44.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

No funding was received to conduct this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Business and Economics, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Muntasir Murshed

  2. VNU University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Nhung Thi Tuyet Dao

Authors
  1. Muntasir Murshed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nhung Thi Tuyet Dao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Muntasir Murshed.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The author reports no conflict of interest.

Human and animal rights

No human or animals were harmed to do this research.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Murshed, M., Dao, N.T.T. Revisiting the CO2 emission-induced EKC hypothesis in South Asia: the role of Export Quality Improvement. GeoJournal 87, 535–563 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10270-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10270-9

Keywords

JEL Classification

Search

Navigation