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Cholera resurgence in Piura, Peru: examining climate associations during the 1997–1998 El Niño

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Abstract

In Peru, the climate pattern El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was linked to a resurgence of cholera in 1998. While previous studies found a temperature connection, El Niño’s impact on cholera in Peru has not been fully explored. In this study, climate associations with cholera incidence during the 1997–1998 El Niño are examined at a district-level in Piura, a coastal area located in northern Peru. Piura is important to study because it was one of the most affected areas by cholera and El Niño in 1998. The approach taken in this study is a “multiple pathways” perspective, which highlights various dimensions of ENSO to explain cholera linkages. Associations were estimated at various temporal lags using bivariate regression and then mapped in ArcGIS. The results show significant cholera associations with SST in the central equatorial Pacific and on the coast (0–1 month lag), rainfall (1 month lag), and mean and maximum temperatures (5 month lags). Overall, the strongest consistent impact was rainfall, which supports the notion that flooding was a pathway for cholera exposure in Piura. Local sea and air temperature associations also suggest that exposure was potentially linked to vibrio proliferation, which increased the probability of cholera risk. Furthermore, this study shows that climate impacts on cholera were unevenly distributed across Piura, indicating that some districts were more vulnerable than others, possibly related to infrastructure deprivation. In conclusion, the study provides a basis for future investigations, which may be useful for epidemic preparedness during future El Niños and other extreme climate events.

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Notes

  1. Piura reported 26.0 and 39.0 % of the population without access to potable water or a toilet in their households (INEI 1994).

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Acknowledgments

I am grateful to my dissertation committee and financial support at the Department of Geography, Michigan State University. I thank Peruvian collaborators, including Ing. Norma Ordinola, University of Piura (Private), Ing. Grover Otero, Proyecto Chira-Piura and Dr. Elsa Galarza, University of Pacific for facilitating fieldwork in Lima and Piura. I also thank the Departments of Epidemiology at the Ministry of Health in Lima and Piura, Peru, the Institute for Statistics and Information in Piura, and the Consortium for Capacity Building in Boulder, CO. for providing data and documents. Lastly, I thank several anonymous reviewers for their suggestions, which has improved this manuscript.

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    Iván J. Ramírez

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Ramírez, I.J. Cholera resurgence in Piura, Peru: examining climate associations during the 1997–1998 El Niño. GeoJournal 80, 129–143 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-014-9541-2

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