Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Review on Dynamic Behaviour of Earth Dam and Embankment During an Earthquake

  • State-of-the-Art Review
  • Published:
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The earth dam analysis under the strong seismic load like a destructive earthquake is one of the major topics with respect to the dynamical assessment. Damage control and the structural behaviour during an earthquake is a very important issue for an earthen dam. In this study, a comprehensive review is presented based on literature for dynamic analysis of earth dams. In this context, some significant factors are discussed such as plane stress, plane strain, data monitoring, application of finite-element method or finite-difference method, reinforcement, free vibration analysis, seismic cracks, liquefaction on dams, utilization of shaking table and centrifuge tests based on the small-scale physical modelling in order to validate any numerical analysis. To explain these parameters, case studies are discussed. It is observed that the earth dam structures had the integrated response to increasing the acceleration or displacement at the crest. Consequently, the interaction between the dam and reservoir also the foundation was a very effective factor to establish the nonlinear behaviour. It seems that the reinforced techniques are an essential approach to improve the structural response during an earthquake.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
Fig. 30
Fig. 31
Fig. 32
Fig. 33
Fig. 34
Fig. 35
Fig. 36
Fig. 37
Fig. 38
Fig. 39
Fig. 40
Fig. 41
Fig. 42
Fig. 43
Fig. 44
Fig. 45
Fig. 46
Fig. 47

References

  • Abdel-Ghaffar AM, Koh AS (1981) Longitudinal vibration of non-homogeneous earth dams. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 9(3):279–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Abusharar SW, Zheng JJ, Chen BG, Yin J (2009) H. A simplified method for analysis of a piled embankment reinforced with geosynthetics. Geotext Geomembr 27(1):39–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Akai K, Tamura T (1978) Elastoplastic numerical analysis of soil-water coupled problem. Proc JSCE 269:95–104 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Adalier K (1996) Mitigation of earthquake induced liquefaction hazards. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA, 659 pp

  • Ambraseys NN (1960) On the shear response of a two-dimensional truncated wedge subjected to an arbitrary disturbance. Bull Seismol Soc Am 50(1):45–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambraseys NN, Menu JM (1988) Earthquake-induced ground displacement. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 16(7):985–1006

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambraseys NN, Sarma SK (1967) The response of earth dams to strong earthquakes. Géotechnique 17(2):181–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker R (2006) A relation between safety factors with respect to strength and height of slopes. Comput Geotech 33:275–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Basudhar PK, Rao NSVK, Bhookya M, Dey A (2010) 2D FEM Analysis of Earth and Rockfill Dams under Seismic Condition. In: Fifth international conference on recent advances in geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics. San Diego, California

  • Bayraktar A, Kartal ME, Adanur S (2011) The effect of concrete slab–rockfill interface behavior on the earthquake performance of a CFR dam. Int J Non-Linear Mech 46(1):35–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Berhe TG, Wang XT, Wu W  (2010) Numerical investigation into the arrangement of clay core on the seismic performance of earth dams. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng  131–138

  • Bishop AW (1955) The use of the slip circle in stability analysis of slopes. Geotechnique 5(1):7–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Borges JL (2004) Three-dimensional analysis of embankments on soft soils incorporating vertical drains by finite element method. Comput Geotech 31(8):665–676

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai M, Koopialipoor M, Armaghani DJ, Thai Pham B (2020) Evaluating slope deformation of earth dams due to earthquake shaking using MARS and GMDH techniques. Appl Sci 10(4):1486

    Google Scholar 

  • Cascone E, Rampello S (2003) Decoupled seismic analysis of an earth dam. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 23:349–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty D, Choudhury D (2009) Investigation of the behavior of tailings earthen dam under seismic conditions. Am J Eng Appl Sci 2(3):559

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopra AK, Dibaj M, Clough RW, Penzien J, Seed HB (1969) Earthquake analysis of earth dams. Fourth WCEE, Santiago de Chile, vol  III, A 5–55

  • Chopra AK (1966) Earthquake effects on dams, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley

  • Clough RW, Chopra AK (1966) Earthquake stress analysis in earth dams. Proceeding of ASCE, vol 92, No. EM2

  • Cook RD (2002) Concept and application of finite element analysis. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  • Cristofano EA (1973) Method of computing erosion rate for failure of earth fill dams; United States Department of the Interior, Engineering and Research Center: Denver, CO, USA, No. 727

  • Cuminato JA, Meneguete M (1999) Discretization of partial differential equations: techniques of finite differences. ICMC/USP,  p 203

  • Dakoulas P, Gazetas G (1985) A class of inhomogeneous shear models for seismic response of dams and embankments. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 4(4):166–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Dakoulas P, Gazetas G (1987) Seismic lateral vibration of embankment dams in semicylindrical valleys. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 13(1):19–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke CM, Leeds DJ (1963) Response of soils, foundations, and earth structures to the Chilean earthquakes of 1960. Bull Seismol Soc Am 53(2)

  • Elgamal AW (1992) Three-dimensional seismic analysis of La Villita dam. J Geotechn Eng 118(12):1937–1958

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Ramly H, Morgenstern NR, Cruden DM (2002) Probabilistic slope stability analysis for practice. Can Geotech J 39(3):665–683

    Google Scholar 

  • Faizi K, Armaghani DJ, Kassim A, Lonbani M (2013) Evaluation of geotextiles on embankment displacement under seismic Load. Electron J Geotech Eng 18:439–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Fellenius W (1936) Calculation of stability of earth dams, 2nd Congress on large dams. Washington 4:445

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazetas G (1981a) Vertical oscillation of earth and rockfill dams: analysis and field observation. Soils Found 21(4):56–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazetas G (1981b) Longitudinal vibrations of embankment dams. J Geotechn Eng ASCE 107(1):21–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazetas G (1982) Seismic response of earth dams; Some recent developments. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 6(1):2–47

    Google Scholar 

  • International Ltd GEO-SLOPE, Calgary, Alberta, Canada www.geos-slope.com. WABA Dam Permanent Deformation due to an earthquake

  • Ghaboussi J (1967) Dynamic stress analysis of porous elastic solids saturated with compressible fluids. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkley, USA

  • Gikas V, Sakellariou M (2008) Settlement analysis of the Mornos earth dam (Greece): evidence from numerical modeling and geodetic monitoring. Eng Struct 30(11):3074–3081

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths DV, Fenton GA (2004) Probabilistic slope stability analysis by finite elements. J Geotech GeoEnviron Eng 130(5):507–518

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordan B, Adnan AB (2013) Dynamic analysis of homogenize earthen dam using blanket layer technique. Int J Geotechn Earthq Eng (IJGEE) 4(1):68–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordan B, Armaghani DJ, Adnan AB, Rashid AS (2016a) A new model for determining slope stability based on seismic motion performance. Soil Mech Found Eng 53(5):344–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordan B, Armaghani DJ, Hajihassani M, Monjezi M (2016b) Prediction of seismic slope stability through combination of particle swarm optimization and neural network. Eng Comput 32(1):85–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann C, Roos HG, Stynes M (2007) Numerical treatment of partial differential equations. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman JD (2001) Numerical methods for engineers and scientists. McGraw-Hill., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang JH, Wu CP, Chou JT (2008) Motion characteristics of compacted earth dams under small earthquake excitations in Taiwan. Geotech Earthq Eng Soil Dyn IV:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Janbu N, Slope Stability Computations (1973) Embankment-dam engineering: Casagrande Volume. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, pp 47–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Jandora J, ˇRíha J (2008)The Failure of Embankment Dams due to Overtopping; VUTIUM: Brno, Czec Republic, 168p

  • Japanese Geotechnical Society (1996) Soils Found J. Special Issue on Geotechnical Aspects of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake, Tokyo, Japan

  • Kato T (2005) Flood mitigation function and its stochastic evaluation of irrigation ponds. Bull National Res Inst Agric Eng (44):1–22

  • Kermani EF, Barani GA (2012) Seepage analysis through earth dam based on finite difference method. J Basic Appl Sci Res 2(11):11621–11625

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim MK, Lee SH, Choo YW, Kim DS (2011) Seismic behaviors of earth-core and concrete-faced rock-fill dams by dynamic centrifuge test. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 31:1579–1593

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi A, Murakami A (2018) Seismic Crack Investigation in an Earth Dam by Centrifugal Loading Test, Dam Engineering. Hasan Tosun, IntechOpen. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78788

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kong XJ, Zhou Y, Xu B, Zou DG (2010) Analysis on seismic failure mechanism of zipingpu dam and several reflections of aseismic design for high Rock-fill dam. Earth Space 3177–3189

  • Koopialipoor M, Armaghani DJ, Hedayat A, Marto A, Gordan B (2019) Applying various hybrid intelligent systems to evaluate and predict slope stability under static and dynamic conditions. Soft Comput 23(14):5913–5929

    Google Scholar 

  • Krinitzsky EL, Hynes ME (2002) The Bhuj, India, Earthquake: lessons learned for earthquake safety of dams on alluvium. Eng Geol 66(3–4):163–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Hello B, Villard P (2009) Embankments reinforced by piles and geosynthetics—Numerical and experimental studies dealing with the transfer of load on the soil embankment. Eng Geol 106(1):78–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Li XS, Wang ZL, Shen CK (1992) SUMDES, a nonlinear procedure for response analysis for horizontally- layered Sites Subjected to Multi-directional Earthquake Loading. Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Li KS, Lumb P (1987) Probabilistic design of slopes. Can Geotech J 24:520–535

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin M, Wang L (2006) K.L. Seismic slope behavior in a large-scale shaking table model test. Eng Geol 86:118–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Low BK, Tang SK, Choa V (1994) Arching in piled embankments. J Geotechn Eng 120(11):1917–1938

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahdiyar A, Hasanipanah M, Armaghani DJ, Gordan B, Abdullah A, Arab H, Abd Majid MZ (2017) A Monte Carlo technique in safety assessment of slope under seismic condition. Eng Comput 33(4):807–817

    Google Scholar 

  • Maosong H, Cang-Qin J (2009) Strength reduction FEM in stability analysis of soil slopes subjected to transient unsaturated seepage. Comput Geotech 36:93–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Masukawa S, Yasunaka M, Hayashida Y (2008) Shaking table tests by silicone rubber dam model with different ratio of crest length to dam height. Tsuchi to Kiso. JGS 56(10):16–19 (Translated from Japanese)

  • Masukawa S, Yasunaka M, Kohgo Y. Dynamic failure and deformations of dam-models on shaking table tests. In: Proceedings of 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver Canada, 2004, Paper No. 2359

  • Matsumaru T, Watanabe K, Isono J, Tateyama M, Uchimura T (2008) Application of cement-mixed gravel reinforced by ground for soft ground improvement. Proceedings of the 4th Asian Regional Conference on Geosynthetics June 17–20. Shanghai, China

  • McCulloch DS, Bonilla MG (1967) Railroad damage in the Alaska Earthquake. J Geotechn Eng Div ASCE 93(5):89–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Mejia LH, Seed HB (1983) Comparison of 2-D and 3-D dynamic analyses of earth dams. J Geotechn Eng 109(11):1383–1398

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyanaga Y, Kobayashi A, Murakami A (2015) 1-G model test with digital image analysis for seismic behavior of earth dam. Geotech Eng J SEAGS AGSSEA 44(2):27

    Google Scholar 

  • Monjezi M, Singh TN (2000) Slope instability in an opencast mine. Coal Int 8:145–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgenstern NR, Price VE (1965) The analysis of stability of general slip surfaces, Geotechnique 15(1): 79–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Namdar A, Pelko Ak (2010) Seismic evaluation of embankment shaking table test and finite element method. Pac J Sci Technol 11(2)

  • Newmark NM (1965) Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments. Géotechnique 15(2):139–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng CWW, Li XS, Van Laak PA, Hou DYJ (2004) Centrifuge modeling of loose fill embankment subjected to uni-axial and bi-axial earthquakes. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 24:305–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Noorzad R, Omidvar M (2010) Seismic displacement analysis of embankment dams with reinforced cohesive shell. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 30(11):1149–1157

    Google Scholar 

  • Oka F, Yashima A, Shibara T, Kato M, Uzuoka R (1994) FEM–FDM coupled liquefaction analysis of a porous soil using an elasto-plastic model. Appl Sci Res 52:209–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Özkan MY, Erdik M, Tuncer MA, Yilmaz C (1996) An evaluation of Sürgü dam response during 5 May 1986 earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 15(1):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmeria EM, Pereira JHF, Da Silva ARL (1998) Back analyses of geosynthetic reinforced embankments on soft soils. Geotex Geomembr 16 (1998) 273–292

  • Papalou A, Bielak J (2001) Seismic elastic response of earth dams with canyon interaction. J Geotechn Geoenviron Eng 127(5):446–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Parish Y, Abadi FN (2009) Dynamic behavior of earth dams for variation of earth material stiffness. In Proceedings of World Academy of Science: Engineering and Technology 50: 606–611

  • Raja MA (2015) Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Earthen Dam. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, OmniScriptum, GmbH, Co. KG, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Raja MA, Maheshwari BK (2014) Effect of Nonlinearity on the Dynamic Response of Earthen Dam, N0. 95, Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference IGC-2014 December 18–20, Kakinada, India

  • Raja MA, Maheshwari BK (2016) Behavior of Earth Dam under Seismic Load Considering Nonlinearity of the Soil. Open J Civil Eng 6:75–83. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2016.62007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raja MA (2014) 2D Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Earthen Dam for Earthquake Loads, Dissertation MTech, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India

  • Risheng Park Piao PE, Rippe AH, Barry Myers PE, Lane KW (2006) Earth dam liquefaction and deformation analysis using numerical modeling

  • Sarma SK (1973) Stability analysis of embankments and slopes. Géotechnique 23(3): 423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1973.23.3.423

  • Sarma SK (1979) Stability analysis of embankments and slopes. J Geotechn Eng ASCE 105:1511–1524

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer E (1967) A method of analysis of the stability of embankments assuming parallel inter-slice forces. Geotechnique 17(1):11–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Seed HB, Lee KL, Idriss IM (1969) Analysis of Sheffield dam failure. J Soil Mech Found Div 95:1453–1490

    Google Scholar 

  • Seed HB, Lee KL, Idress IM, Makdisi R (1971) Analysis of the slides in the San Fernando dams during the earthquake of Feb. 9, 1971, University of California, Berkeley, Report no. EERC73-2, pp. 150

  • Seed RB, Dickenson SE, Riemer MF, Bray JD, Sitar N, Mitchell JK, Idriss IM, Kayen RE, Kropp A, Hander LF, Power MS (1990) Preliminary report on the principal geotechnical aspects of the October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Report UCB/EERC-90/05. Univ. of California, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Seed HB (1968) Landslides during earthquakes due to soil liquefaction. J Geotechn Eng Div ASCE 94(SM5):1055–1123

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp MK, Adalier K (2006) Seismic response of earth dam with varying depth of liquefiable foundation layer. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 26:1028–1037

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh TN, Verma AK (2007) Evaluating the slope instability of the Amiyan Slide. In: Eberhardt E, Stead D, Morrison T (eds) Rock Mechanics meeting society’s challenges and demands. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 993–998

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh TN, Verma AK, Sarkar K (2010) Static and dynamic analysis of a landslide. Geomat Nat Hazards Risk 1(4):323–338. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2010.521354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh TNR, Kanchan K, Saigal AK, Verma (2004) Prediction of P-wave velocity and anisotropic properties of rock using Artificial Neural Networks technique. J Sci Ind Res 63(1):32–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh TN, Kanchan R, Verma AK, Saigal K (2005 Feb) A comparative study of ANN and neuro-fuzzy for the prediction of dynamic constant of rockmass. J Earth Syst Sci 114(1)(1):75–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Siyahi B, Arslan H (2008) Earthquake-induced deformation of earth dams. Bull Eng Geol Env 67(3):397–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho SE (2009) Probabilistic stability analyses of slopes using the ANN-based response surface. Comput Geotech 36:787–797

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang D, Gordan B, Koopialipoor M, Jahed Armaghani D, Tarinejad R, Thai Pham B, Huynh VV (2020 Jan) Seepage analysis in short embankments using developing a metaheuristic method based on governing equations. Appl Sci 10(5):1761

    Google Scholar 

  • Tani S (1995) Damage to earth dams. Soils and Foundations 1996, Special Issue on Geotechnical Aspects of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake, 263–272

  • Terzaghi K (1950) Mechanics of landslides. Technical Report Engineering Volume, The Geological Survey of America

  • Torisu SS, Sato J, Towhata (2010) I.Performance of earth dam under seismic effects assessed by shaking table test. Long Term Behav Dams D 15:670–675

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai PH, Hsu SC, Lai J (2009) Effects of core on dynamic responses of earth dam. In Slope Stability, Retaining Walls, and Foundations@ Selected Papers from the 2009 GeoHunan International Conference (pp. 8–13). ASCE

  • Tsutumi H, Watanabe H, Ogata N, Shiomi S. Dynamic test for seismic design of fill-type dam. Tsuchi to Kiso. JGS, 1975, 23(5):11–20. (Translated from Japanese)

  • USCOLD (1992)Observed performance of dams during earthquakes. Report of Committee on Earthquakes, U.S. Committee on Large Dams

  • Verma AK, Singh TN (2010a) Assessment of tunnel instability–a numerical approach. Arab J Geosci 3:181–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma AK, Singh TN (2010b) Modeling of a jointed rock mass under triaxial conditions. Arab J Geosci 3:91–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma AK, Singh TN (2010) Intelligent systems for ground vibration measurement: a comparative study. Eng Comput 27(3):225–233. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-010-0193-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verma AK, Singh TN (2013) Comparative study of cognitive systems for ground vibration measurements. Neural Comput Appl 22(1):341–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahl T (1998) Prediction of Embankment Dam Breach Parameters; Report DSO-98-004; Dam Safety Office: Washington, DC, USA, 67 p

  • Wang L, Zhang G, Zhang JM (2011) Centrifuge model tests of geotextile-reinforced soil embankments during an earthquake. Geotext Geomembr 29(3):222–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Xia ZF, Ye GL, Wang JH, Ye B, Zhang F (2010) Fully coupled numerical analysis of repeated shake-consolidation process of earth embankment on liquefiable foundation. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 30(11):1309–1318

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie G, Zhang J, Li J (2008) Adapted genetic algorithm applied to slope reliability analysis. 4th International Conference on Natural Computation, vol 1, pp 520–524

  • Yang CX, Tham LG, Feng XT, Wang YJ, Lee PKK (2004) Two-stepped evolutionary algorithm and its application to stability analysis of slopes. J Comput Civil Eng 18(2):145–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Yildiz A (2009) Numerical analyses of embankments on PVD improved soft clays. Adv Eng Softw 40(10):1047–1055

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu Y, Xie L, Zhang B (2005) Stability of earth–rockfill dams: influence of geometry on the three-dimensional effect. Comput Geotech 32(5):326–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Yokomura S (1966) The damage to river dykes and related structures caused by the Niigata Earthquake. Soils Found 6(1):38–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeghal M, Ghaffar AA (1992) Analaysis of behavior of earth dam using strong-motion earthquake-e records. J Geotechn Eng 118(2), February 1992. ©ASCE

  • Zeghal M, Abdel-Ghaffar AM (1992) Local-global finite element analysis of the seismic response of the earth dams. Comput Struct 42(4):569–579

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Li E, Yang S, Wang M, Shi X, Yao S, Mitri HS (2019) Slope stability prediction for circular mode failure using gradient boosting machine approach based on an updated database of case histories. Safety Sci 118:505–518

  • Zhou J, Li X, Mitri HS (2015) Comparative performance of six supervised learning methods for the development of models of hard rock pillar stability prediction. Nat Hazards 79(1):291–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Li X, Mitri HS (2016a). Classification of rockburst in underground projects: comparison of ten supervised learning methods. J Comput Civil Eng 30(5):04016003

  • Zhou J, Shi X, Li X (2016b) Utilizing gradient boosted machine for the prediction of damage to residential structures owing to blasting vibrations of open pit mining. J Vib Control 22(19):3986–3997

    Google Scholar 

  • Zienkiewicz OC (1977) The finite element method, 3rd edn. McGraw Hill, London, 1977

Download references

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Engineering Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Group (e-seer), Universiti Technologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

    Behrouz Gordan & Azlan Adnan

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Graduate Institute of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Mohammad Asif Raja

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia

    Danial Jahed Armaghani

Authors
  1. Behrouz Gordan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammad Asif Raja
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Danial Jahed Armaghani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Azlan Adnan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Not applicable.

Code availability

Not applicable.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Behrouz Gordan or Danial Jahed Armaghani.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gordan, B., Raja, M.A., Armaghani, D.J. et al. Review on Dynamic Behaviour of Earth Dam and Embankment During an Earthquake. Geotech Geol Eng 40, 3–33 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-021-01919-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-021-01919-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation