Abstract
Several recent reports on cropland soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes throughout Europe indicate a general continuing loss of SOC from these soils. As most arable soils in Europe are not in an equilibrium situation because of past changes in land-use and management practices, shifts in both have been suggested to drive this decline of SOC stocks. A lack of data has prevented the unambiguous verification of the contribution of these factors to SOC loss. First, this study focused on recent evolutions in management options for SOC sequestration in Flanders and showed that despite such practices have increased since 1990, their current contribution is still limited. Strikingly, their expansion is at odds with the reported general losses of SOC (−0.48 t OC ha−1 year−1 on average). We used very detailed datasets of livestock numbers, N-application rates and cropping surfaces to calculate regional shifts in input of effective OC from animal manure application, cereal straw incorporation and crop residue incorporation which amounted to −0.094, −0.045 and −0.017 t OC ha−1 year−1, respectively. Shifts in management were identified to have potentially brought about but a third of the recent loss of SOC in the study area, although for central West-Flanders and the Eastern border of Flanders larger impacts of management were observed. This study suggests other influences such as land-use change and climate change to be involved as well. We estimated that another 10%–45% of the loss of SOC could potentially be attributed to land-use changes from grassland to cropland during the 1970–1990 period and about 10% to the observed temperature increase. While being a regional-scaled case study, these findings may be relevant to other European regions in particular (Denmark, The Netherlands, North-West Germany, Brittany and the North-West of France, the Po-valley in Italy and parts of England), with similar climate and intensity of agriculture, and where comparable trends in farming management may well have taken place.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anonymous (2002) Assessment of the amount of mineral nitrogen in the soil as a policy tool. Final report part 2: database construction, mineralization and denitrification, experimental field research and model field calibration and validation (in Dutch). Soil Service of Belgium, Catholic University of Louvain and Ghent University, Gent
Arrouays D, Balesdent J, Mariotti A, Girardin C (1995) Modelling organic carbon turnover in cleared temperate forest soils converted to maize cropping by using 13C natural abundance. Plant Soil 173:191–196
Baritz R, De Neve S, Barancikova G, Gronlund A, Leifeld J, Katzensteiner K, Koch FJ, Palliere C, Romanya J, Schaminee J (2004) Land use practices and soil organic matter. In: Van Camp L, Bujarrabal B, Gentile AR, Jones RJA, Montanarella L, Olazabal C, Selvaradjou SK (eds) Thematic strategy for soil protection, vol. III organic matter, pp 439–465, EU DG Joint Research Centre, EUR 21319 EN/3
Bellamy PH, Loveland PJ, Bradley RI, Lark RM, Kirk GJD (2005) Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978–2003. Nature 437:245–248
Bioforum (2002) http://www.bioforum.be/oppervlakte_2002_Tabel.htm. [accessed: Oct 2003]
Bries J, Vandendriessche H, Geypens M (1995) Fertilization and sprinkling of potatoes in relation to yield and quality (in Dutch). IWONL, Brussels
Consulentschap Bodemaangelegenheden (1980) Organische stof in de akkerbouw. Vlugschrift voor de landbouw, no 317, Consulentschap in algemene dienst voor bodemaangelegenheden in de landbouw
De Neve S, Sleutel S, Hofman G (2003) Carbon mineralization from composts and food industry wastes added to soil. Nutr Cycl Agro Ecosyst 67:13–20
Deproost P, Elsen F (2003) Monitoring of the effect of VFG application on soil physical properties (in Dutch). Bodemkundige Dienst van België, Leuven
Freibauer A, Rounsevell MDA, Smith P, Verhagen J (2004) Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe. Geoderma 122:1–23
Guo LB, Gifford RM (2002) Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis. Glob Chan Biol 8:345–360
Hénin S, Dupuis M (1945) Essai de bilan de la matière organique du sol. Annales Agronomiques 15:17–29
Janssens IA, Freibauer A, Ciais P, Smith P, Nabuurs GJ, Folberth G, Schlamadinger B, Hutjes RWA, Ceulemans R, Schulze ED, Valentini R, Dolman AJ (2003) Europe’s terrestrial biosphere absorbs 7 to 12% of European anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Science 300:1538–1542
Kätterer T, Andrén O (1999) Long-term agricultural field experiments in Northern Europe: analysis of the influence of management on soil carbon stocks using the ICBM model. Agr Ecosyst Environ 72:165–179
Lettens S, Van Orshoven J, Van Wesemael B, Muys B, Perrin D (2005) Soil organic carbon changes in landscape units of Belgium between 1960 and 2000 with reference to (1990) Glob. Chan Biol 11:2128–2140
Nevens F, Reheul D (2003) The application of vegetable, fruit and garden waste (VFG) compost in addition to cattle slurry in a silage maize monoculture: nitrogen availability and use. Eur J Agron 19:189–203
NIS 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 Agriculture and horticulture counting on 15 May. National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Brussels
Schulze ED, Freibauer A (2005) Carbon unlocked from soils. Nature 437:205–206
Sleutel S, De Neve S, Hofman G (2002) Research assignment completed for VLACO—Influence of VFG compost in an arable rotation. Part IV: Influence on soil properties (in Dutch). Ghent University, Ghent
Sleutel S, De Neve S, Hofman G, Boeckx P, Beheydt D, Van Cleemput O, Mestdagh I, Lootens P, Carlier L, Van Camp N, Verbeeck H, Van De Walle I, Samson R, Lust N, Lemeur R (2003) Carbon stock changes and carbon sequestration potential of Flemish cropland soils. Glob Chan Biol 9:1193–1203
Sleutel S, De Neve S, Singier B, Hofman G (2006) Organic C levels in intensively managed arable soils – long term regional trends and characterization of fractions. Soil Use Man 22:188–196
Smith J, Smith P, Wattenbach M, Zaehle S, Hiederer R, Jones RJA, Montanarella L, Rounsevell MDA, Reginster I, Ewert F (2005a) Projected changes in mineral soil carbon of European croplands and grasslands, 1990–2080. Glob Chan Biol 11:2141–2152
Smith P (2004) How long before a change in soil organic carbon can be detected? Glob Chan Biol 10:1878–1883
Smith P, Andrén O, Karlsson T, Perälä P, Regina K, Rounsevell M, Van Wesemael B (2005b) Carbon sequestration potential in European croplands has been overestimated. Glob Chan Biol 11:2153–2163
Soussana J-F, Loiseau P, Vuichard N, Ceschia E, Balesdent J, Chevallier T, Arrouays D (2004) Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in temparate grasslands. Soil Use Man 20:219–230
Vanongeval L, Hendrickx G, Geypens M (1995) Modeling of the long-term evolution of the organic matter content. In: Geypens M, Honnay JP (eds) Agricultural and environmentally oriented functions of the organic matter in the soil (in Dutch), IWONL, Brussels, pp 129–154
VLACO (2003) http://www.vlaco.be [accessed: October 2003]
Vleeshouwers LM, Verhagen A (2002) Carbon emission and sequestration by agricultural land use: a model study for Europe. Glob Chan Biol 8:519–530
VLM (2003) Year Report 2002 (in Dutch). Flemish Land Agency, Brussels, p 130
VLM (2005) http://www.vlm.be/ASP/Stats.asp, Flemish Land Agency, Brussels. [accessed: November 2005]
Acknowledgement
The corresponding author is financed by a post-doctoral grant of the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sleutel, S., De Neve, S. & Hofman, G. Assessing causes of recent organic carbon losses from cropland soils by means of regional-scaled input balances for the case of Flanders (Belgium). Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 78, 265–278 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-007-9090-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-007-9090-x