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Coping with exposure to hypoxia: modifications in stress parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

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Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the stress response of Sparus aurata specimens fed with nutraceutical aquafeed brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and spirulina (Arthrospira platensis). For that purpose, 96 (169.0 ± 2.8 g) animals were distributed randomly in 12 tanks (8 fish per tank, 4 replicates) and divided in 3 groups (D1, casein/gelatin, control; D2, brewer’s yeast; D3, spirulina) and fed for 30 days. At the end of this period, fish from two replicates of each experimental diet were submitted to air exposure for 60 s while the fish from the other two replicates were maintained undisturbed (control). Afterwards, samples of blood, skin mucus, and head kidney were collected. The results revealed that after air exposure, cortisol, and glucose levels increased in the groups fed D1 (18.5 ± 2.6 mg/mL; 7.3 ± 0.6 mmol/L, respectively) and D2 (20.0 ± 6.2 mg/mL; 7.7 ± 0.6 mmol/L), but glucose not increased in fish fed D3 (13.7 ± 2.6 mg/mL; 5.5 ± 0.3 mmol/L). Lactate levels increased in all stressed groups, but in D1, its levels were significantly higher. After stress procedure, immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in mucus increased only in fish fed D3 (0.1901 ± 0.0126 U/mL). Furthermore, there was a reduction in the expression of some genes involved in stress response (coxIV, prdx3, csfl-r, ucp1, and sod in fish fed D2 and D3). csf1 decreased only in stressed fish fed D2. However, cat increased in fish fed with D3. In summary, these findings points to the beneficial effects of spirulina and brewer’s yeast to improve stress resistance in aquaculture practices of gilthead seabream.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Culmarex fish farm (San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain), for kindly providing the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), the Estrella de Levante Brewery for kindly providing the brewer’s yeast, the Algalimento Sociedad Limitada for kindly providing the Spirulina used in the experiments, and the Spanish Ministry of Defense for providing their facilities at the Spanish Naval Base of Algameca (ENA, Cartagena, Spain), for the development of the project.

Funding

The present research was partially funded by project PVE-401416/2014-3 (Pesquisador Visitante Especial) granted to Rodrigo Fortes-Silva by Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). R. Fortes-Silva was funded through a research fellowship from CNPq/Brazil (Research Productivity-PQ, No. 305734/2016-4). Part of this research was supported by research grants (MINECO, AGL2017-82582-C3-3 and AGL2016-81808-REDT, and SENECA Chronohealth 19899/GERM/15) awarded to F.J. Sánchez-Vázquez and SENECA (grant number 19883/GERM/15, awarded to M.A. Esteban). José Fernando López-Olmeda had a research contract granted by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, Juan de la Cierva Program). Bruno Olivetti de Mattos had a PhD student – fellowship at University of Murcia/Spain, financed by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) (no. 99999.003219/2015-01).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Nutrition, Postgraduate Program in Aquaculture, University Nilton Lins, Manaus, AM, 69058-030, Brazil

    Bruno Olivetti de Mattos

  2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain

    José Fernando López-Olmeda & Francisco Javier Sánchez-Vázquez

  3. Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Campus Salvador, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil

    Bartira Guerra-Santos

  4. Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain

    Cristóbal Espinosa Ruiz, José María García-Beltrán & Maria Ángeles-Esteban

  5. Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Feeding Behavior, Faculty of Fishing Engineering, Center of Agricultural Science, Environmental and Biological, University of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brazil

    Rodrigo Fortes-Silva

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  1. Bruno Olivetti de Mattos
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de Mattos, B.O., López-Olmeda, J.F., Guerra-Santos, B. et al. Coping with exposure to hypoxia: modifications in stress parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Fish Physiol Biochem 45, 1801–1812 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-019-00677-8

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