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Contaminant-induced oxidative stress in fish: a mechanistic approach

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Abstract

The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living organisms was described more than 60 years ago and virtually immediately it was suggested that ROS were involved in various pathological processes and aging. The state when ROS generation exceeds elimination leading to an increased steady-state ROS level has been called “oxidative stress.” Although ROS association with many pathological states in animals is well established, the question of ROS responsibility for the development of these states is still open. Fish represent the largest group of vertebrates and they inhabit a broad range of ecosystems where they are subjected to many different aquatic contaminants. In many cases, the deleterious effects of contaminants have been connected to induction of oxidative stress. Therefore, deciphering of molecular mechanisms leading to such contaminant effects and organisms’ response may let prevent or minimize deleterious impacts of oxidative stress. This review describes general aspects of ROS homeostasis, in particular highlighting its basic aspects, modification of cellular constituents, operation of defense systems and ROS-based signaling with an emphasis on fish systems. A brief introduction to oxidative stress theory is accompanied by the description of a recently developed classification system for oxidative stress based on its intensity and time course. Specific information on contaminant-induced oxidative stress in fish is covered in sections devoted to such pollutants as metal ions (particularly iron, copper, chromium, mercury, arsenic, nickel, etc.), pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) and oil with accompanying pollutants. In the last section, certain problems and perspectives in studies of oxidative stress in fish are described.

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Abbreviations

ACh:

Acetylcholine

AMT:

3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole (aminotriazole)

2,4-D:

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetate

DDC:

Diethyldithiocarbamate

DPXs:

DNA–protein cross-links

DTT:

Dithiothreitol

ETC:

Electron-transport chain

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSH, GSSG:

Reduced and oxidized glutathione, respectively

GST:

Glutathione-S-transferase

HCB:

Hexachlorobenzene

MDA:

Malonic dialdehyde

NAC:

N-Acetylcysteine

OP:

Organophosphate pesticides

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances

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Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to Drs. H. Semchshyn and O. Stolyar for critical reading of the manuscript, to J. M. Storey for editorial review of the manuscript and three reviewers whose very professional, detailed, critical and constructive analysis helped to improve the paper substantially.

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  1. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine

    Volodymyr I. Lushchak

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Lushchak, V.I. Contaminant-induced oxidative stress in fish: a mechanistic approach. Fish Physiol Biochem 42, 711–747 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-015-0171-5

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