Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Dietary inclusion of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal: effects on growth performance and metabolic efficiency in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

  • Published:
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Jatropha curcas is a multipurpose and drought-resistant shrub or small tree widespread all over the tropics and subtropics. Its seeds are rich in oil, and the Jatropha kernel meal obtained after oil extraction is rich in protein. However, presence of toxic and antinutritional constituents restricts its use in fish feed. Jatropha kernel meal was detoxified. Common carp, Cyprinus carpio, fingerlings (15; av. body mass 10.9 ± 0.65 g) were randomly distributed in three groups with five replicates. A 6-week feeding experiment was conducted in a respirometer system to evaluate the growth performance, nutrient utilisation and energy budget. Fish were fed isonitrogenous diets (38% crude protein): control diet (Control group) containing fish meal (FM) protein based protein and two other diets replacing 75% FM protein with detoxified Jatropha kernel meal (DJKM, Jatropha group) and soybean meal (SBM, Soybean group). At the end of the experiment, body mass gain, metabolic growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value, energy retention, efficiency of metabolised energy for growth and efficiency of energy retention were determined. These parameters were high and statistically similar for Control and Jatropha groups and significantly lower (P < 0.05) for Soybean group. Whereas a reverse trend was observed for energy expenditure per g protein retained in fish body. No significant differences were found in heat released, gross energy uptake, metabolised energy intake, metabolisability, energy expenditure, energy expenditure per g protein fed and apparently unmetabolised energy. Conclusively, common carp–fed plant protein (DJKM and SBM) and FM protein–based diets exhibited equal average metabolic rate.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • AOAC (1990) Official methods of analysis, 15th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassler R, Buchholz H (1993) Amino acid analysis. Methodenbuch, Die Chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln (vol. III, pp. 1–5). Darmstadt: VDLUFA-Verlag, Section 4.11.1

  • Becker K, Makkar HPS (1998) Effects of phorbol esters in carp (Cyprinus carpio L). Vet Hum Toxicol 40:82–86

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker K, Eckhardt O, Struck J (1983) Untersuchungen zum Erhaltungsbedarf an UE von Spiegelkarpfen Cyprinus carpio L. bei unterschiedlichen Ko¨rpermassen. Z. Tierphysiol. Tierern¨ahr. u. Futtermittelkunde 50:11–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouwer E (1965) Report of sub committee on constants and factors. 3rd symposium on energy metabolism, vol 11. Troon, Scotland, EAAP Pub., pp 441–443

  • Cui CY (1987) Bioenergetics and growth of teleost, Phoxinus phoxinus (Cyprinidue). PhD thesis. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth

  • Cui L, Liu J (1990) Comparison of energy budget among six teleosts-III. Growth rate and energy budget. Comp Biochem Physiol A 97:381–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cui Y, Liu X, Wang SH, Chen SH (1992) Growth and energy budget in young grass carp. Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., fed plant and animal diets. J Fish Biol 41:231–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dabrowski K, Murai T, Becker K (1986) Physiological and nutritional aspects of intensive feeding of carp. In: Billard R, Marcel J (eds) Aquaculture of cyprinids. INRA, Paris, pp 55–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Englyst HN, Quigley ME, Hudson GJ (1994) Determination of dietary fiber as non-starch polysaccharides with gas–liquid chromatographic, high-performance liquid chromatographic or spectrophotometric measurement of constituent sugars. Analyst 119:1497–1509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Escaffre AM, Zambonino Infante JL, Cahu CL, Mambrini M, Bergot P, Kaushik SJ (1997) Nutritional value of soy protein concentrate for larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) based on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture 153:63–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Focken U, Schiller M, Becker K (1994) A computer-controlled system for the continuous determination of metabolic rates of fish. In: Kestemont P, Muir J, Sevilla F, Willot P (eds) Measures of success: contributions presented at the International Conference Bordeaux Aquaculture 1994. CEMAGREF edn, Antony, France, pp 167–171

  • Francis G, Makkar HPS, Becker K (2002) Dietary supplementation with a Quillaja saponin mixture improves growth performance and metabolic efficiency in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquaculture 203:311–320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gongnet GP, Meyer-Burgdorff KH, Becker K, Gunther KD (1987) Zum Einfluss eines unter schiedlichen proteidenergie- Verhalfnisses und steigender Futterungsintensitaten anf die stickstof- fausscheidungen des wachsendenspiegel karpfens (Cyprinus carpio L.). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 58:173–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajra A, Tripathi SD, Nath D, Chatterjee JG, Karmakar HC (1987) Comparative digestibility of dietary plant fibre in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val). Proc Nat Acad Sci India 57((B) III):232–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamblin DO (1963) Aromatic nitro and amino compounds. In: Patty FA (ed) Industrial hygiene and toxicology, vol II, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 2105–2169

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasan MR, Macintosh DJ, Jauncey K (1997) Evaluation of some plant ingredients as dietary protein sources for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fry. Aquaculture 151:55–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helland SJ, Helland BG (1998) The influence of replacing FM in the diets with fish oil on growth, feed utilization and body composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during the smoltification period. Aquaculture 162:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain MA, Jauncey K (1989) Nutritional evaluation of some Bangladeshi oilseed meals as partial substitutes for fishmeal in the diet of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquacult Fish Manage 20:255–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossain MA, Focken U, Becker K (2001) Evaluation of an unconventional legume seed, Sesbania acuelata, as a dietary protein source for common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture 198:129–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huisman EA (1976) Food conversion efficiencies at maintenance and production levels for carp, Cyprinus carpio, L. and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Aquaculture 9:259–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jahan P, Watanabe T, Kiron V, Satoh S (2003) Improved carp diets based on plant protein sources reduce environmental phosphorus loading. Fish Sci 69:219–225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar JK, Krishnamoorthi KP, Rao DMR (1986) Toxicity and biochemical responses of carp to dini-trobenzene plant effluent. Water Air Soil Pollut 28:117–126

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar V, Makkar HPS, Becker K (2008) Detoxification of Jatropha curcas seed meal and its utilization as a protein source in fish diet. Comp Biochem Physiol 151A(1):13–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar V, Makkar HPS, Becker K (2009a) Detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal as a dietary protein source: Growth performance, nutrient utilization and digestive enzymes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings. (Unpublished)

  • Kumar V, Makkar HPS, Becker K (2009b) Detoxified Jatropha curcas Kernel Meal: an excellent fish meal replacer in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) diet. “Biophysical and socio-economic frame conditions for the sustainable management of natural resources”—Tropentag 2009, Hamburg, Germany (abstract)

  • Kumar V, Makkar HPS, Becker K (2009c) Substitution of fish meal by detoxified Jatropha curcas L. protein isolate and soya protein isolate in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. diets: effects on growth performance, biochemical and haematological parameters. Asian Pacific Aquaculture Conference 2009, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. (Abstract)

  • Liu K, Markakis P (1989) Trypsin inhibition assay as related to limited hydrolysis of inhibitors. Anal Biochem 178:159–165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Makkar HPS, Becker K (1997) Jatropha curcas toxicity: identification of toxic principle (s). In: Garland T, Barr AC (eds) Toxic plants and other natural toxicants. CAB International, New York, pp 554–558

    Google Scholar 

  • Makkar HPS, Becker K (2008) A process for detoxification of Jatropha seed meal (a by-product of biofuel industry). Patent Number: EP 09152699.6

  • Makkar HPS, Becker K, Sporer F, Wink M (1997) Studies on nutritive potential and toxic constituents of different provenances of Jatropha curcas. J Agric Food Chem 45:3152–3157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makkar HPS, Aderibigbe AO, Becker K (1998) Comparative evaluation of non-toxic and toxic varieties of Jatropha curcas for chemical composition, digestibility, protein degradability and toxic factors. Food Chem 62:207–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makkar HPS, Francis G, Becker K (2007a) Bioactivity of phytochemicals in some lesser-known plants and their effects and potential applications in livestock and aquaculture production systems. Animal 1(9):1371–1391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makkar HPS, Siddhuraju P, Becker K (2007b) A laboratory manual on quantification of plant secondary metabolites. Human Press, Totowa, p 130

    Google Scholar 

  • Makkar HPS, Martinez-Herrera J, Becker K (2008) Variations in seed number per fruit, seed physical parameters and contents of oil, protein and phorbol ester in toxic and non-toxic genotypes of Jatropha curcas. J Plant Sci 3(4):260–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazurkiewicz J (2009) Utilization of domestic plant components in diets for common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Arch Polish Fish 17:5–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • New MB, Wijkström UN (2002) Use of fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds: further thoughts on the fishmeal trap, FAO Fish Circ. No. 975. FAO, Rome

  • NRC (1993) Nutrient requirement of fish. National Academy Press, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogino C, Chiou JY, Takeuchi T (1976) Protein nutrition in fish. VI. Effects of dietary energy sources in the utilization of proteins by rainbow trout and carp. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 42:213–218

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinter-Szakacs M, Molnar-Perl H (1990) Determination of tryptophan in unhydrolyzed food and feedstuffs by the acid ninhydrin method. J Agric Food Chem 38(3):720–726

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Refstie S, Tiestra HAJ (2003) Potato protein concentrate with low content of solanidine glycoalkaloids in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 216:283–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy PK, Munshi JD (1989) Effect of saponin extracts on oxygen uptake and haematology of an air-breathing climbing perch, Anabas testudineus Bloch. J Freshw Biol 1:167–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Samocha TM, Davis AD, Soud PI, de Bault K (2004) Substitution of FM by co-extruded soybean poultry by-product meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 231:197–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz FJ, Zeitler MH, Kirchgessner M (1983) Watchstum und Naehrstoffanfwand bei Karpfen (Cyprinus carpio L.) Mit Unterschiedlicher Protein-und Energiever- Sorgung. Z. Mitteilung gewichtsentwicklung, Futtervewertung, Prein und Energieaufwand. Zhurnal Teirphysioly Teirernaehr Futtermittelk 49:88–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith C, VanMegen W, Twaalfhoven L, Hitchcook C (1980) The determinations of trypsin inhibitor levels in foodstuffs. J Sci Food Agri 31:341–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SOFIA (2007) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2006. FAO Fisheries and aquaculture Department, Rome, pp 1–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Suárez JA, Gaxiola G, Mendoza R, Cadavid S, Garcia G, Alanis G, Suárez A, Faillace J, Cuzon G (2009) Substitution of FM with plant protein sources and energy budget for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Aquaculture 289:118–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura SH, Hardy RW, Roberts RJ (2004) The pathology of phosphorus deficiency in fish—a review. J Fish Dis 27:255–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaintraub IA, Lapteva NA (1988) Colorimetric determination of phytate in unpurified extracts of seeds and the products of their processing. Anal Biochem 175:227–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viola S, Mokady S, Rappaport V, Ariell Y (1982) Partial and complete replacement of fish meal by soybean meal in feeds for intensive culture of carp. Aquaculture 26:223–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yue Y, Zhou Q (2009) Effect of replacing soybean meal with cottonseed meal on growth, feed utilization, and hematological indexes for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus. Aquaculture 284:185–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The research was supported by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Berlin, Germany. We gratefully thank Hermann Baumärtner and Betrix Fischer, the technical staffs of our laboratory for their help in data analysis.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480), University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany

    V. Kumar, H. P. S. Makkar & K. Becker

Authors
  1. V. Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. P. S. Makkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. Becker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. P. S. Makkar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kumar, V., Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. Dietary inclusion of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal: effects on growth performance and metabolic efficiency in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.. Fish Physiol Biochem 36, 1159–1170 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-010-9394-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-010-9394-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation