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Herschel celestial calibration sources

Four large main-belt asteroids as prime flux calibrators for the far-IR/sub-mm range

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Abstract

Celestial standards play a major role in observational astrophysics. They are needed to characterise the performance of instruments and are paramount for photometric calibration. During the Herschel Calibration Asteroid Preparatory Programme approximately 50 asteroids have been established as far-IR/sub-mm/mm calibrators for Herschel. The selected asteroids fill the flux gap between the sub-mm/mm calibrators Mars, Uranus and Neptune, and the mid-IR bright calibration stars. All three Herschel instruments observed asteroids for various calibration purposes, including pointing tests, absolute flux calibration, relative spectral response function, observing mode validation, and cross-calibration aspects. Here we present newly established models for the four large and well characterized main-belt asteroids (1) Ceres, (2) Pallas, (4) Vesta, and (21) Lutetia which can be considered as new prime flux calibrators. The relevant object-specific properties (size, shape, spin-properties, albedo, thermal properties) are well established. The seasonal (distance to Sun, distance to observer, phase angle, aspect angle) and daily variations (rotation) are included in a new thermophysical model setup for these targets. The thermophysical model predictions agree within 5 % with the available (and independently calibrated) Herschel measurements. The four objects cover the flux regime from just below 1,000 Jy (Ceres at mid-IR N-/Q-band) down to fluxes below 0.1 Jy (Lutetia at the longest wavelengths). Based on the comparison with PACS, SPIRE and HIFI measurements and pre-Herschel experience, the validity of these new prime calibrators ranges from mid-infrared to about 700 μm, connecting nicely the absolute stellar reference system in the mid-IR with the planet-based calibration at sub-mm/mm wavelengths.

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Notes

  1. Near-IR filter leaks are photometrically problematic when near-IR bright objects -like stars- are observed in far-IR bands.

  2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array

  3. Hubble Space Telescope

  4. Herschel unique observation identifier

  5. The Vesta SED requires a colour correction value of 1.03 in the green band

  6. The PACS photometric calibration is based on the assumption of a constant energy spectrum of the observed source ν × F ν = λ × F λ . Asteroid SEDs deviate from this assumption and colour-corrections are required

  7. HIPE is a joint development by the Herschel Science Ground Segment Consortium, consisting of ESA, the NASA Herschel Science Center, and the HIFI, PACS and SPIRE consortia.

  8. http://www.lesia.obspm.fr/perso/emmanuel-lellouch/mars/

  9. The thermal inertia Γ is defined as \(\sqrt {\kappa \rho c}\), where κ is the thermal conductivity, ρ the density, and c the heat capacity.

  10. Database of Asteroid Models from Inversion Techniques, http://astro.troja.mff.cuni.cz/projects/asteroids3D/

  11. http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/

  12. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta

  13. Database of Asteroid Models from Inversion Techniques, http://astro.troja.mff.cuni.cz/projects/asteroids3D/

  14. http://www.ir.isas.jaxa.jp/SPICA/SPICA_HP/index_English.html

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the PIs of the various scientific projects for permission to use their Herschel science data in the context of our calibration work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, PO Box 1312, Giessenbachstrasse, 85741, Garching, Germany

    Thomas Müller & Esa Vilenius

  2. Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany

    Zoltán Balog, Markus Nielbock, Ulrich Klaas & Hendrik Linz

  3. Space Science and Technology Department, RAL, Didcot, OX11 0QX, Oxon, UK

    Tanya Lim & Chris Pearson

  4. European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), ESA, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691, Madrid, Spain

    David Teyssier & Bruno Altieri

  5. Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology, 43992, Onsala, Sweden

    Michael Olberg

  6. UK ALMA Regional Centre Node, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

    George Bendo

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  1. Thomas Müller
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Appendix

Appendix

1.1 Overview of available Herschel photometric measurements

In the following tables we list the available photometric observations (calibration and science observations) with one of the four asteroids in the field of view. Some of the early measurements were used with very different instrument settings and non-standard observing modes. The corresponding fluxes are not well calibrated and we excluded them from our analysis.

Table 2 Overview of all relevant Herschel-PACS photometer scan-map observations of (1) Ceres
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Table 3 Overview of all relevant Herschel-PACS photometer chop-nod observations of (1) Ceres
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Table 4 Overview of all relevant Herschel-SPIRE photometer observations of (1) Ceres
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Table 5 Overview of all relevant Herschel-HIFI point observations of (1) Ceres
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Table 6 Overview of all relevant Herschel-PACS photometer scan-map observations of (2) Pallas
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Table 7 Overview of all relevant Herschel-PACS photometer chop-nod observations of (2) Pallas
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Table 8 Overview of all relevant Herschel-SPIRE photometer observations of (2) Pallas, like in Table 4
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Table 9 Overview of all relevant Herschel-PACS photometer scan-map observations of (4) Vesta
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Table 10 Overview of all relevant Herschel-PACS photometer chop-nod observations of (4) Vesta
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Table 11 Overview of all relevant Herschel-Spire photometer observations of (4) Vesta like in Table 4
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Table 12 Overview of all relevant Herschel-PACS photometer scan-map observations of (21) Lutetia
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Table 13 Overview of all relevant Herschel-PACS photometer chop-nod observations of (21) Lutetia
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Table 14 Overview of all relevant Herschel-SPIRE photometer observations of (21) Lutetia like in Table 4
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Table 15 Additional Herschel fixed position photometer observations (no tracking)
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1.2 Observational results of the Herschel photometric measurements

Table 16 Photometric Herschel data of (1) Ceres together with the observing geometry and the TPM predictions
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Table 17 Photometric Herschel data of (2) Pallas
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Table 18 Photometric Herschel data of (4) Vesta
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Table 19 Photometric Herschel data of (21) Lutetia
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Müller, T., Balog, Z., Nielbock, M. et al. Herschel celestial calibration sources. Exp Astron 37, 253–330 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-013-9357-y

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