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Environmental sensitivity and risk assessment in the Saharan Tunisian oasis agro-systems using the deepest water table source for irrigation: water quality and land management impacts

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Abstract

In dry-hot areas, such as southern Tunisia, the availability of good water is very limited by the low scanty rainfall, the long dry periods and the high evaporation rate. Thus, to deal with these issues, information concerning the quality of irrigation water and the variability of groundwater quality across the oasis system from water well to the final runoff released into the natural environment, is required to evaluate the potential impacts on agricultural soil fertility and to assess the effects of land-use and agricultural practices in environmental conservation and natural resources exploitation. In the current study, 28 water samples have been collected from public wells along the irrigation scheme and drainage canals and have been analyzed. The obtained data prove that groundwater has large spatial variability (EC between 2.93 and 10.05 ms/cm and TDS between 1.95 and 8.15 g/L) caused by different influencing factors such as aquifer water quality, overexploitation, distribution system and evaporation processes. According to the used ionic ratios (SAR, KR, PI, MH, TH, SSP, ESP, etc..), the used waters are locally of permissible quality, while the majority fall unsuitable class to be used in irrigation with a maximum SAR of 18 at El Hamma region. The findings indicate that, besides the severe restrictions required for the use of these high mineralized resources, CI water quality shows a slight variability along irrigation scheme, which may provide additive water resources that may be reused in agriculture, the runoff released into the environment and the excess of irrigation water lost to evaporation process. The evaluation of chemical quality of drainage water may provide a scientific basis for the reuse of these waters to more efficient land management aiming to the sustainable development of oasis agriculture and the prevention of land degradation.

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Abbreviations

EC:

Electrical conductivity

SAR:

Sodium adsorption ratio

KR:

Kelly's ratio

PI:

Permeability index

MH:

Magnesium hazard

TH:

Total hardness

SSP:

Soluble sodium percent

ESP:

Exchangeable sodium percentage

CI:

Continental intercalaire

CT:

Complex terminal

SASS:

Système Aquifère du Sahara Septentrional

TDS:

Total dissolved solids

WQI:

Water quality index

HCA:

Hierarchical cluster analysis

CA:

Correlation analysis

PCA:

Principal component analysis

PDES:

Plan Directeur des Eaux du Sud

APIOS:

Amelioration des Perimètres Irrigués dans Les Oasis du Sud

CES:

Conservation des Eaux et du Sol

IWQI:

Irrigation water quality index

CWQI:

Canadian water quality index

OWQI:

Oregon water quality index

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Regional Resources Center for Oasis Agriculture, Carthage University, Degach, Tozeur, Tunisia

    Latifa Dhaouadi, Rabeb Khaldi & Sihem Maachia

  2. High Institutes of Sciences and Techniques of Water, Gabes, Tunisia

    Houda Besser & Fatma Ouassar

  3. Institutes of Arid Areas, Medenine, Tunisia

    Nissaf Karbout

  4. Laboratory of Water, Energy and Environment, Sfax, Tunisia

    Zied Haj-Amor

  5. Carthage University, Ariana, Tunisia

    Latifa Dhaouadi, Rabeb Khaldi & Sihem Maachia

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  1. Latifa Dhaouadi
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Dhaouadi, L., Besser, H., Karbout, N. et al. Environmental sensitivity and risk assessment in the Saharan Tunisian oasis agro-systems using the deepest water table source for irrigation: water quality and land management impacts. Environ Dev Sustain 24, 10695–10727 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01878-z

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