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Farmers’ perception on agro-ecological implications of climate change in the Middle-Mountains of Nepal: a case of Lumle Village, Kaski

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Abstract

This study investigates the implications of climate change on agricultural ecology of Lumle Village as a representative example of the Middle-Mountains of Nepal. Primary data were collected through face-to-face interviews taken in 141 households. Supplementary data of public domain were collected from 9 Focus Group Discussions, 3 Historical Timeline Calendars, 20 Key Informant Interviews and sketches of 2 Crop Calendars. The findings suggest that traditional agro-livestock-based livelihood of the farming households of Lumle is ruined because of farmland abandonment and shift of agro-livestock activities to others options. A sharp decline in contribution of agro-livestock-based activities in household livelihoods in the last decade justifies this statement. Many factors might have been interplaying in abandoning agro-livestock activities. However, as the impacts of climate change are complex because of their spiral effects in existing poverty and marginality of households, it is contributing to agro-ecology through the effects of changes in weather pattern, increased invasive species and crop–livestock pest, as well as labour migration abroad caused by reduced farm output. The damage in agricultural ecology of mountain area in general and of Lumle in particular, however, has not yet been addressed by contemporary development policies of Nepal. Considering the importance of agricultural ecology for social-ecological sustainability and meeting the Sustainable Development Goal of eliminating hunger by 2030, Nepali agricultural policies should urgently recognise the need of agro-ecological restoration policy. It is expected that the integration of migration and climate change adaptation policies with agriculture and landuse policies to restrict farmland abandonment as well as provision of incentives for agricultural restoration would benefit in this regard.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Source: Field Survey, 2013

Fig. 3

Source: Field Survey 2013

Fig. 4

Source: Field Survey 2013

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Notes

  1. https://maplecroft.com/about/news/ccvi.html Accessed on 14 July 2017.

  2. Between 1971 and 2010.

  3. Between 1971 and 2000.

  4. Data used here are from VDC Profile of Lumle 2067BS (2010) if particular source is not given.

  5. Castes are endogamous divisions of society in which membership is hereditary and permanent (Berreman 1972). Caste has been an element in the social structure of Hinduism categorised based on the occupation, believed to be practiced since the Licchavi period (AD300—ca. 879).

  6. Viewed 22 September 2014 <http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Guttman_Scale.aspx#sthash.y1PaZjGs.dpuf>.

  7. Ropani is land measurement unit practice in the Middle-Mountains and in the Trans-Himalaya, 1 hector consists 20.7555 Ropani.

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Acknowledgements

The data used in this paper were collected under author’s Ph. D. research project at the University of Adelaide, Australia. The university is acknowledged for financial support for field work. I would like to acknowledge Pokhara University Research Centre for providing me Faculty Research Grant (03/2072/73) to conduct this part of analysis. My friends Pawan Chitrakar and Ram Prasad Sharma and my students Kamal Singh Thapa, Dharma Raj Parajuli and Deependra Pandit are remembered here for their help during the field work. My colleague Bharat Raj Dhakal for thoroughly reading the manuscript and identifying language-related issues and Ananta Raj Dhungana for helping me to perform statistical tests are also acknowledged. I would also like to acknowledge the anonymous reviewers of the paper and the editors of the journal for their munificent comments in the manuscript.

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    Rishikesh Pandey

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Pandey, R. Farmers’ perception on agro-ecological implications of climate change in the Middle-Mountains of Nepal: a case of Lumle Village, Kaski. Environ Dev Sustain 21, 221–247 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-0031-9

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