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Investigating the environmental impacts of coal mining using remote sensing and in situ measurements in Ruqigou Coalfield, China

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Abstract

China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the world. The extraction of coal is increasing intensively to meet the needs of the ever-increasing population and industries. However, coal mining has resulted in environmental changes, including deforestation, air, water, soil, and landform deterioration. This study investigates the impact of mining on the environment in Ruqigou coalfield by utilising in situ and remote sensing data. Field data collected include temperature, gas compositions, and water samples. Multi-temporal Landsat data of 1991, 2003, and 2019 were used in monitoring the impact of mining on different land covers, especially vegetation. A supervised classification was performed to assess the changes in land cover. In order to track the changes in vegetation, normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) was employed. To study the changes in coal fire areas, thermal anomalies were extracted from the thermal infrared data using a dynamic thresholding technique. The results of in situ analyses show that water quality is unfit for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use. All the gas sampling sites emit noxious gases such as CO2, CO, NO2 and degrade the local air quality. The classified maps and vegetation indices show a significant decrease in vegetation. The thermal anomalies show an increase in fire areas over the years. Thus, it could be concluded that the conjunctive use of field-based measurements and remote sensing data can be a powerful tool for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the environmental impacts associated with large-scale mining.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the USGS (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/) for providing the Landsat data used in this work free of cost through the internet. Due acknowledgment is provided to the anonymous reviewers whose comments greatly improved the manuscript.

Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC Grant No. 51850410504) for carrying out the work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India

    Varinder Saini

  2. Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China

    Jun Li, Yinan Yang & Jinsong Li

  3. Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China

    Jun Li

  4. Ruqigou Anthracite Branch of Ningxia Coal Industry Co. Ltd. of China Energy, Shizuishan, 753400, Ningxia Autonomous Region, China

    Baoming Wang & Jun Tan

Authors
  1. Varinder Saini
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  2. Jun Li
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  3. Yinan Yang
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  4. Jinsong Li
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  5. Baoming Wang
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  6. Jun Tan
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Contributions

Conceptualisation, V.S.; data curation, V.S., Y.Y., and J.L.; formal analysis, V.S.; funding acquisition, Jun L.; investigation, V.S., Jun L., Y.Y., and J.L.; methodology, V.S.; project administration, Jun L.; Resources, Jun L., B.W., and J.T.; software, V.S.; supervision, Jun L.; visualisation, V.S.; writing—original draft, V.S.

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Correspondence to Varinder Saini.

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Saini, V., Li, J., Yang, Y. et al. Investigating the environmental impacts of coal mining using remote sensing and in situ measurements in Ruqigou Coalfield, China. Environ Monit Assess 194, 780 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10461-6

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