Abstract
Atmospheric dust is one of the most recent environmental pollutions in Iran. This study examines the concentration of heavy metals and the assessment of environmental and human health risk in the dust samples of Hendijan region as one of the most important centers of wind erosion in the southwestern of Iran. ICP-MSS analysis was performed on 18 samples of fine dust to specify the concentration of heavy metals. Studies showed that the highest concentrations of metals in these fine dust samples belong to Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, As, Pb and Cd, respectively. Examining fine dust’s pollution assessment showed that the highest enrichment and geo-accumulation index belong to As, Ni and Cr metals. Environmental risk assessment shows the low environmental risk of these fine dusts. The hazard quotient in children and adults belongs to Cr, As and Ni, respectively. Human health risk assessment also showed that the highest absorption of metals in both children and adults is through ingestion. The non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals of dust samples in children is about 9 times more than adults. The highest risk of cancer in the adult group belongs to Ni metal and in the group of children belongs to As and Ni metal. PCA analysis showed that As, Cu, Cd, Cr and Ni are of anthropogenic origin and Zn and Pb are of geogenic origin. The source of the dust phenomenon with the HYSPLIT model and the backward method indicates the tracking of this dust mass through Iraq, and its probable origin was assessed in the centers of northern Iraq and southeastern Syria.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Acosta, J. A., Faz, Á., Kalbitz, K., Jansen, B., & Martínez-Martínez, S. (2011). Heavy metal concentrations in particle size fractions from street dust of Murcia (Spain) as the basis for risk assessment. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 13(11), 3087–3096. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1EM10364D
Al-Khashman, O. A. (2007). The investigation of metal concentrations in street dust samples in Aqaba city, Jordan. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 29(3), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-006-9065-x
Alloway, B. J. (2012). Heavy metals in soils: trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability (Vol. 22). Springer Science & Business Media.
Aminiyan, M. M., Baalousha, M., Mousavi, R., Aminiyan, F. M., Hosseini, H., & Heydariyan, A. (2018). The ecological risk, source identification, and pollution assessment of heavy metals in road dust: a case study in Rafsanjan, SE Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(14), 13382–13395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8539-y
Baltas, H., Sirin, M., Gökbayrak, E., & Ozcelik, A. E. (2020). A case study on pollution and a human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils around Sinop province, Turkey. Chemosphere, 241, 125015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125015
Bao, L., Wang, S., Sun, H. W., Wang, G., & Nan, Z. (2019). Assessment of source and health risk of metal (loid) s in indoor/outdoor dust of university dormitory in Lanzhou City. China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(31), 32333–32344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06365-7
Barkhordari, A., Sakhvidi, M. J. Z., Sakhvidi, F. Z., Halvani, G., Firoozichahak, A., & Shirali, G. (2014). Cancer risk assessment in welder’s under different exposure scenarios. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 43(5), 666.
Bayrakli, B., & Dengiz, O. (2019). Determination of heavy metal risk and their enrichment factor in intensive cultivated soils of Tokat Province. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 8(3), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.567357
Beyer, L. A., Greenberg, G., & Beck, B. D. (2014). Evaluation of potential exposure to metals in laundered shop towels. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: an International Journal, 20(1), 111–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2013.770350
Broomandi, P., Dabir, B., Bonakdarpour, B., & Rashidi, Y. (2017). Identification of the sources of dust storms in the City of Ahvaz by HYSPLIT. Pollution, 3(2), 341–348.
Cao, H., Amiraslani, F., Liu, J., & Zhou, N. (2015). Identification of dust storm source areas in West Asia using multiple environmental datasets. Science of the Total Environment, 502, 224–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.025
Draxler, R. R., & Hess, G. D. (1998). An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modelling system for trajectories. Australian Meteorological Magazine, 47(4), 295–308.
Duan, J., & Tan, J. (2013). Atmospheric heavy metals and arsenic in China: Situation, sources and control policies. Atmospheric Environment, 74, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.031
Dulfour, A. P., & Ballentine, R. K. (1986). Ambient water quality criteria for bacteria-1986.
Duong, T. T., & Lee, B. K. (2011). Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(3), 554–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.010
Engwa, G. A., Ferdinand, P. U., Nwalo, F. N., & Unachukwu, M. N. (2019). Mechanism and health effects of heavy metal toxicity in humans. Poisoning in the modern world-new tricks for an old dog, 10.
EPA, U. (1996). Soil screening guidance: Technical background document| Superfund| US EPA. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed 7 Mar 2018.
EPA, U. (2002). Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites, Appendix A—Generic SSLs for the residential and commercial/ industrial scenarios. Washington DC: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, United States Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Report No.: OSWER 9355.4–24.
Escudero, M., Stein, A., Draxler, R. R., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Castillo, S., & Avila, A. (2006). Determination of the contribution of northern Africa dust source areas to PM10 concentrations over the central Iberian Peninsula using the Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT) model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 111(D6).
Fattahi, A., & Ghannad, H. (2010). Analysis of synoptic patterns of dust storms in the southwest of Iran. J. Geograph, 4, 49–62. (In Persian).
Fryrear, D. W. (1986). A field dust sampler. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 41(2), 117–120.
Furman, H. K. H. (2003). Dust storms in the Middle East: Sources of origin and their temporal characteristics. Indoor and Built Environment, 12(6), 419–426.
Geravandi, S., Yari, A. R., Jafari, M., Goudarzi, G., Vosoughi, M., Dastoorpoor M., & Mohammadi, M. J. (2018). Effects of dust phenomenon and impacts with emphasis on dust problems and present solutions in Khuzestan (Iran). Archives of Hygiene Sciences, 7(2), 134–138. https://doi.org/10.29252/ArchHygSci.7.2.134
Gholami, H., Mohamadifar, A., & Collins, A. L. (2020a). Spatial mapping of the provenance of storm dust: application of data mining and ensemble modelling. Atmospheric Research, 233, 104716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104716
Gholami, H., Rahimi, S., Fathabadi, A., Habibi, S., & Collins, A. L. (2020b). Mapping the spatial sources of atmospheric dust using GLUE and Monte Carlo simulation. Science of the Total Environment, 723, 138090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138090
Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14(8), 975–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
Huang, L., Bai, Y. H., Ma, R. Y., Zhuo, Z. M., & Chen, L. (2019). Winter chemical partitioning of metals bound to atmospheric fine particles in Dongguan, China, and its health risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(13), 13664–13675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05001-8
Jadoon, W. A., Khpalwak, W., Chidya, R. C. G., Abdel-Dayem, S. M. M. A., Takeda, K., Makhdoom, M. A., & Sakugawa, H. (2018). Evaluation of levels, sources and health hazards of road-dust associated toxic metals in Jalalabad and Kabul Cities, Afghanistan. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 74(1), 32–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0475-9
Jahandari, A. (2020). Pollution status and human health risk assessments of selected heavy metals in urban dust of 16 cities in Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(18), 23094–23107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08585-8
Jan, A. T., Azam, M., Siddiqui, K., Ali, A., Choi, I., & Haq, Q. M. (2015). Heavy metals and human health: Mechanistic insight into toxicity and counter defense system of antioxidants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(12), 29592–29630. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226183
Jiang, Y., Shi, L., Guang, A. L., Mu, Z., Zhan, H., & Wu, Y. (2018). Contamination levels and human health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in street dust in an industrial city in Northwest China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(5), 2007–2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-0028-1
Jooybari, S. A., Rezaee, P., Soleimani, F., & Davoodi, H. (2019). Dust and its centers: Basics and methods of identifying and stabilizing these centers with a special attitude to the Khuzestan plain. Applied Sedimentology, 7(14), 32–48. https://doi.org/10.22084/psj.2019.3501
Ju, Y. R., Chen, W. Y., & Liao, C. M. (2012). Assessing human exposure risk to cadmium through inhalation and seafood consumption. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 227, 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.060
Kadhum, S. A. (2020). A preliminary study of heavy metals pollution in the sandy dust storms and its human risk assessment from middle and south of Iraq. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(8), 8570–8579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07380-4
Kelepertzis, E. (2014). Accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Mediterranean: insights from Argolida basin, Peloponnese, Greece. Geoderma, 221, 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.01.007
Khodaei, N., Rezaee, P., Honarmand, J., & Abdollahi-Fard, I. (2021). Controls of depositional facies and diagenetic processes on reservoir quality of the Santonian carbonate sequences (Ilam Formation) in the Abadan Plain, Iran. Carbonates and Evaporites, 36(2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-021-00676-y
Li, F., Huang, J., Zeng, G., Yuan, X., Li, X., Liang, J., & Bai, B. (2013). Spatial risk assessment and sources identification of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Dongting Lake, Middle China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 132, 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.05.007
Li, P. H., Yu, J., Bi, C. L., Yue, J. J., Li, Q. Q., Wang, L., & Huang, B. J. (2019). Health risk assessment for highway toll station workers exposed to PM2. 5-bound heavy metals. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(4), 1024–1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.01.011
Liu, G., Yu, Y., Hou, J., Xue, W., Liu, X., Liu, Y., & Liu, Z. (2014). An ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution of the agricultural ecosystem near a lead-acid battery factory. Ecological INdicators, 47, 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.04.040
Luo, X. S., Ding, J., Xu, B., Wang, Y. J., Li, H. B., & Yu, S. (2012). Incorporating bioaccessibility into human health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban park soils. Science of the Total Environment, 424, 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.05.007
Mamut, A., Eziz, M., Mohammad, A., & Anayit, M. (2017). The spatial distribution, contamination, and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals of farmland soils in Karashahar-Baghrash oasis, northwest China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: an International Journal, 23(6), 1300–1314. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1305263
Mezynska, M., & Brzoska, M. M. (2018). Environmental exposure to cadmium—A risk for health of the general population in industrialized countries and preventive strategies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(4), 3211–3232.
Modaihsh, A. S., & Mahjou, M. O. (2013). Falling dust characteristics in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia during winter months. APCBEE Procedia, 5, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2013.05.010
Mohammadi, M. J., Yari, A. R., Saghazadeh, M., Sobhanardakani, S., Geravandi, S., Afkar, A., & Omidi Khaniabadi, Y. (2018). A health risk assessment of heavy metals in people consuming Sohan in Qom, Iran. Toxin Reviews, 37(4), 278–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2017.1362655
Muller, G. (1969). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. GeoJournal, 2, 108–118.
Munroe, J. S., Norris, E. D., Carling, G. T., Beard, B. L., Satkoski, A. M., & Liu, L. (2019). Isotope fingerprinting reveals western North American sources of modern dust in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, USA. Aeolian Research, 38, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2019.03.005
Nezhad, M. T. K., Tabatabaii, S. M., & Gholami, A. (2015). Geochemical assessment of steel smelter-impacted urban soils, Ahvaz, Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 152(91), 109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.02.005
Norouzi, S., Khademi, H., Ayoubi, S., Cano, A. F., & Acosta, J. A. (2017). Seasonal and spatial variations in dust deposition rate and concentrations of dust-borne heavy metals, a case study from Isfahan, central Iran. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 8(4), 686–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.12.015
Othman, M., Latif, M. T., & Mohamed, A. F. (2018). Health impact assessment from building life cycles and trace metals in coarse particulate matter in urban office environments. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 148, 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.034
Park, R. M. (2018). Risk assessment for metalworking fluids and cancer outcomes. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 61(3), 198–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22809
Petzold, A., Rasp, K., Weinzierl, B., Esselborn, M., Hamburger, T., Doernbrack, A., & Virkkula, A. K. I. (2009). Saharan dust absorption and refractive index from aircraft-based observations during SAMUM 2006. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 61(1), 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00383.x
Qu, M., Li, W., & Zhang, C. (2013). Assessing the risk costs in delineating soil nickel contamination using sequential Gaussian simulation and transfer functions. Ecological Informatics, 13, 99–105.
Raja, O. R., Sobhanardakani, S., & Cheraghi, M. (2016). Health risk assessment of citrus contaminated with heavy metals in Hamedan city, potential risk of Al and Cu. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal.
Rasmussen, P. E., Levesque, C., Chénier, M., & Gardner, H. D. (2018). Contribution of metals in resuspended dust to indoor and personal inhalation exposures: Relationships between PM10 and settled dust. Building and Environment, 143, 513–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.07.044
Rezaie, P., Jooybari, A., Pour, M. M., & Gorbani, M. (2016). Factor Controlling Reservoir Properties and Flow Unit Determination in the Ilam Formation of Dezfol Embayment at Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, Southwest of Iran. Open Journal of Geology, 6(07), 660. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2016.67051
Rezazadeh, M., & Fattahi Masroor, P. (2021). Spatio-temporal distribution of various types of dust events in the Middle East during the period 1996–2015. Journal of the Earth and Space Physics. https://doi.org/10.22059/jesphys.2021.321010.1007306
Sabouhi, M., Rezaee, P., & Khatibi, S. (2020). An integrated approach to distribute carbonate reservoir properties, using lithofacies and seismic attributes: a case study from SW of Iran. Carbonates and Evaporites, 35(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-020-00649-7
Saeedi, M., Li, L. Y., & Salmanzadeh, M. (2012). Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 227, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.047
Saritha, P. (2011). Degradation of some USEPA listed recalcitrant compounds using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPS).
Sawut, R., Kasim, N., Maihemuti, B., Hu, L., Abliz, A., Abdujappar, A., & Kurban, M. (2018). Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the vegetable bases of northwest China. Science of the Total Environment, 642, 864–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.034
Shan, W., Yin, Y., Lu, H., & Liang, S. (2009). A meteorological analysis of ozone episodes using HYSPLIT model and surface data. Atmospheric Research, 4(93), 767–776.
Stohl, A. (1998). Computation, accuracy and applications of trajectories—A review and bibliography. Atmospheric Environment, 32(6), 947–966.
Sun, G., Feng, X., Yang, C., Zhang, L., Yin, R., Li, Z., & Wu, Y. (2020). Levels, sources, isotope signatures, and health risks of mercury in street dust across China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 392, 122276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122276
Tang, Y., & Han, G. (2017). Characteristics of major elements and heavy metals in atmospheric dust in Beijing, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 176, 114–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.12.002
Torghabeh, A. K., Jahandari, A., & Jamasb, R. (2019). Concentration, contamination level, source identification of selective trace elements in Shiraz atmospheric dust sediments (Fars Province, SW Iran). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(7), 6424–6435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-04100-2
Valipour, M., Ziatabar Ahmadi, M., Raeini-Sarjaz, M., Gholami Sefidkouhi, M. A., Shahnazari, A., Fazlola, R., & Darzi-Naftchali, A. (2015). Agricultural water management in the world during past half century. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 61(5), 657–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2014.944903
Wu, J., Lu, J., Li, L., Min, X., & Luo, Y. (2018). Pollution, ecological-health risks, and sources of heavy metals in soil of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Chemosphere, 201, 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.122
Xiao, R., Bai, J., Huang, L., Zhang, H., Cui, B., & Liu, X. (2013). Distribution and pollution, toxicity and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments from urban and rural rivers of the Pearl River delta in southern China. Ecotoxicology, 22(10), 1564–1575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-013-1142-1
Yang, Z., Ge, H., Lu, W., & Long, Y. (2015). Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Near-Surface Dust. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/41805
Yassin, M. F., Almutairi, S. K., & Al-Hemoud, A. (2018). Dust storms backward Trajectories’ and source identification over Kuwait. Atmospheric Research, 212, 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.05.020
Young, M. H., Green, R. L., Conkle, J. L., McCullough, M., Devitt, D. A., Wright, L., & Snyder, S. A. (2014). Field-Scale Monitoring of Pharmaceutical Compounds Applied to Active Golf Courses by Recycled Water. Journal of Environmental Quality, 43(2), 658–670. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2013.07.0299
Yuan, G. L., Sun, T. H., Han, P., & Li, J. (2013). Environmental geochemical mapping and multivariate geostatistical analysis of heavy metals in topsoils of a closed steel smelter: Capital Iron & Steel Factory, Beijing, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 130, 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.02.010
Zarasvandi, A., Carranza, E. J. M., Moore, F., & Rastmanesh, F. (2011). Spatio-temporal occurrences and mineralogical–geochemical characteristics of airborne dusts in Khuzestan Province (southwestern Iran). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 111(3), 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.04.004
Zarezadeh, R., Rezaee, P., Lak, R., Masoodi, M., & Ghorbani, M. (2017a). Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in sediments of the northern part of mangrove in Hara Biosphere Reserve, Qeshm Island (Persian Gulf). Soil and Water Research, 12(2), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.17221/16/2016-SWR
Zarezadeh, R., & Rezaee, P. (2016). Study on accumulation of heavy metals in Mangrove sediments, Gabrik Creek (Jask). Journal of Natural Environment, 69(1), 61–78. https://doi.org/10.22059/jne.2016.58641
ZareZadeh, R., Rezaee, P., Lak, R., Masoodi, M., & Ghorbani, M. (2017b). A study of textural and accumulation heavy metals of sediments in mangrove ecosystem of Persian Gulf, South Iran. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/40616
Zhang, M., Li, X., Yang, R., Wang, J., Ai, Y., Gao, Y., & Yu, H. (2019). Multipotential toxic metals accumulated in urban soil and street dust from Xining City, NW China: Spatial occurrences, sources, and health risks. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 76(2), 308–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-018-00592-8
Zhou, L., Liu, G., Shen, M., Hu, R., Sun, M., & Liu, Y. (2019). Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in indoor dust from different functional areas in Hefei, China. Environmental Pollution, 251, 839–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.058
Zoljoodi, M., Didevarasl, A., & Saadatabadi, A. R. (2013). Dust events in the western parts of Iran and the relationship with drought expansion over the dust-source areas in Iraq and Syria. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 3, 321–336.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Seyedeh Akram Jooybari was involved in software data curation, writing—original draft preparation. Hamidreza Peyrovan helped in writing—reviewing and editing, validation supervision. Payman Rezaee contributed to conceptualization, methodology, supervision, validation. Hamid Gholami was involved in writing—reviewing and editing, supervision, validation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jooybari, S.A., Peyrowan, H., Rezaee, P. et al. Evaluation of pollution indices, health hazards and source identification of heavy metal in dust particles and storm trajectory simulation using HYSPLIT model (Case study: Hendijan center dust, southwest of Iran). Environ Monit Assess 194, 107 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09760-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09760-9