Abstract
Plant responses to heavy metals and their storage constitute a crucial step to understand the environmental impacts of metallic trace elements (MTEs). In controlled experiments, we previously demonstrated the tolerance and resilience of Japanese knotweed to soil artificial polymetallic contamination. Using the same experimental design, we tested here the effect of three individual MTEs on Fallopia × bohemica performance traits. Rhizome fragments from three different sites (considered as distinct morphotypes) were grown in a greenhouse for 1 month on a prairial soil artificially contaminated with either Cd, Cr (VI) or Zn at concentrations corresponding to relatively highly polluted soils. Our results confirmed the high tolerance of Bohemian knotweed to metal stress, though, plant response to MTE pollution was dependant on MTE identity. Bohemian knotweed was stimulated by Cr (VI) (increased root and aerial masses), did not display any measurable change in performance traits under Cd at the high dose of 10 mg kg-1, and uptook all MTEs in its rhizome, but only Zn was transferred to its aerial parts. We also highlighted changes in root secondary metabolism that were more accentuated with Zn, including the increase of anthraquinone, stilbene and biphenyl derivatives. These results compared to multi-contamination experiments previously published suggest complex interactions between metals and plant, depending principally on metal identity and also suggest a potential role of soil microbes in the interactions.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the “Serre et chambres climatiques” platform (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, FR3728), Elise Lacroix for her help with plant culture and Yamina Abdallah for her technical help during MTE analysis. The authors also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.
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This study was founded by Initiative Structurante EC2CO (Ecosphère Continentale et Côtière) - ECODYN (ECOtoxicologie, EcoDYNamique des contaminants).
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FP and SM designed the project, WC conducted the experiments and PB and MLT conducted MTE analysis. LB analysed the data and wrote the article under the supervision of FP and SM.
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Figure S1:
Pictures of propagules of each genotype after 30 days of growth in control soil. Caluire produces rather small plants with large and round leaves; in contrast Feyzin and Miribel-Jonage produce smaller and more triangular leaves, but Miribel-Jonage produces higher plants with higher aerial and belowground biomasses. (DOCX 283 kb)
Figure S2:
MTE separation according to secondary root metabolites within each morphotype: a non-discriminant analysis. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed with integrated UV peaks at 280 nm as explaining variable (121 chromatographic peaks) and their relative area (i.e. in percent of the sum of all integrated peaks detected in a given sample) in each sample as dependent variable; MTE (B) are illustrative data. T: control; Cd: Cadmium, Cr: Chrome, Zn: Zinc. Genotypes: C: Caluire, F: Feyzin, M: Miribel. Three components are displayed for Feyzin and Miribel; only the 1st and 3rd components are displayed for Caluire, as the 2nd component was supported by only one sample. Compound graphs are displayed for Caluire and Miribel, but not for Feyzin, MTE groups were not distinct on the PCA. A threshold of 0.8 was used to display compounds for Miribel axes 2 and 3 (because no compound was above a 0.9 threshold), 0.9 otherwise. Some groups of compounds are spotted by red circles, red and purple numbers. For readability, compound numbers have been moved (but not arrows), please find original source on Supplementary material. (PDF 152 kb)
Table S1:
MTE accumulation in soil and in Fallopia sp. organs from published field studies (DOCX 19.4 kb)
Table S2:
Physico-chemical characteristics of the soil used in this study and soils corresponding to each collection site. (DOCX 14 kb)
Table S3:
ANOVA on functional traits. ANalyses Of VAriances type II were performed for each vegetative trait, then validated or not by test of residual normality (Shapiro-Wilk) and homoscedasticity (Bartlett). Significant ANOVA in bold, statistically validated ANOVA in italic. (DOCX 12 kb)
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Barberis, L., Chevalier, W., Toussaint, ML. et al. Responses of the species complex Fallopia × bohemica to single-metal contaminations to Cd, Cr or Zn: growth traits, metal accumulation and secondary metabolism. Environ Monit Assess 192, 673 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08627-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08627-1