Abstract
This paper defines five criteria and identifies 21 indicators for the modernization level of a province or a city in modern China. It collects raw index data from 31 provinces in China, between 2007 and 2017, and introduces formula for its dimensionless processing. An improved entropy method (IEM) is proposed for the evaluation of the modernization in urban areas, based on the five criteria and 21 indicators. A practical study was implemented in Anhui province employing the said IEM. The results demonstrate that the IEM is being effective in evaluating the modernization level in urban areas.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
References
Barnett, B. J., Barrett, C. B., & Skees, J. R. (2008). Poverty traps and index-based risk transfer products. World Development, 36(10), 1766–1785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.10.016.
Bocquier, P. (2005). World urbanization prospects: an alternative to the UN model of projection compatible with the mobility transition theory. Demographic Research, 12, 197–236. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2005.12.9.
Brenner, N. (2013). Theses on urbanization. Public Culture, 25(1), 85–114. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-1890477.
Chan, K. W. (2014). Chinas urbanization 2020: a new blueprint and direction. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 55(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2014.925410.
Chaolin, G., Liya, W., Cook, I., Gu, C., Wu, L., & Cook, I. (2012). Progress in research on Chinese urbanization. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 1(2), 101–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2012.02.013.
Chen, M., Liu, W., & Tao, X. (2013). Evolution and assessment on China’s urbanization 1960–2010: under-urbanization or over-urbanization? Habitat International, 38, 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.09.007.
Díaz-Varela, E., Roces-Díaz, J. V., & Álvarez-Álvarez, P. (2016). Detection of landscape heterogeneity at multiple scales: use of the quadratic entropy index. Landscape and Urban Planning, 153, 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.004.
Dodman, D. (2017). Environment and urbanization. In International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology (pp. 1–9). Oxford: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0623.
Durand-Lasserve, A., & Selod, H. (2009). The formalization of urban land tenure in developing countries. In Urban Land Markets (pp. 101–132). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8862-9_5.
Gurevich, B. M. (2017). Entropy of a stationary process and entropy of a shift transformation in its sample space. Problems of Information Transmission, 53(2), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032946017020016.
Home, R., Bauer, N., & Hunziker, M. (2010). Cultural and biological determinants in the evaluation of urban green spaces. Environment and Behavior, 42(4), 494–523. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916509338147.
Kairui, Y. (2018). Intelligent evaluation approach for smart city based on DEA model: taking Wuhan, China as an example. Journal of Intelligent Fuzzy Systems, 35(3), 2667–2677. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-169618.
Lu, S., & Liu, Y. (2018). Evaluation system for the sustainable development of urban transportation and ecological environment based on SVM. Journal of Intelligent Fuzzy Systems, 34(2), 831–838. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-169376.
Petralli, M., Massetti, L., Brandani, G., & Orlandini, S. (2014). Urban planning indicators: useful tools to measure the effect of urbanization and vegetation on summer air temperatures. International Journal of Climatology, 34(4), 1236–1244. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3760.
Shin, H. B. (2015). Urbanization in China. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition (pp. 973–979). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.72095-2.
UN-Habitat. (2016). Urbanization and development-emerging future. World Cities Report, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCM.0000000000000166.
United Nations, D of E. and S. A.-P. D (2014). World urbanization prospects: the 2014 revision, highlights. United Nations. UN. https://doi.org/10.18356/527e5125-en.
Wu, J., Xiang, W.-N., Zhao, J., Wu, J., Xiang, W.-N., & Zhao, J. (2014). Urban ecology in China: historical developments and future directions. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.010.
Yu, H., Deng, Y., & Xu, S. (2018). Evolutionary pattern and effect of administrative division adjustment during urbanization of china: empirical analysis on multiple scales. Chinese Geographical Science, 28(5), 758–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-018-0990-2.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
He, X., Sheng, J. New evaluation system for the modernization level of a province or a city based on an improved entropy method. Environ Monit Assess 192, 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7904-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7904-3