Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Residues, dissipation, and risk assessment of spinosad in cowpea under open field conditions

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The dissipation and residues of an eco-friendly bio-pesticide, spinosad, in cowpea under field conditions were studied using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MSMS) after Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction. The method exhibited good linearity with respect to spinosyn A and spinosyn D in solvent or blank cowpea matrix with correlation coefficients >0.99. Additionally, matrix effects were not significant in the range 0.987–1.014, and the average recoveries at three concentration levels were 75.1–91.1 and 79.4–90.5 % for spinosyn A and spinosyn D, respectively. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations were 2.5–9.3 and 7.8–9.8 % for spinosyn A, respectively, and 4.1–7.9 and 6.6–8.3 % for spinosyn D, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.005 and 0.01 mg kg−1, respectively, for spinosyn A, and 0.002 and 0.005 mg kg−1, respectively, for spinosyn D. The dissipation of spinosad (sum of spinosyn A and spinosyn D) fitted well to first-order kinetics with half-lives of 0.9–1.5 days. The highest residue (HR) at pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 12 h was 0.321 mg kg−1. Compared with the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by Codex, a PHI of at least 24 h was recommended. The estimated daily chronic intake of spinosad from cowpea was less than 0.14 % of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Therefore, the risk of consuming cowpea sprayed with spinosad under recommended field conditions was considered acceptable for the Chinese population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anastassiades, M., Lehotay, S. J., Stajnbaher, D., & Schenck, F. J. (2003). Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/ partitioning and “dispersive solid-phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. Journal of AOAC International, 86(2), 412–431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland, C. B., Bormett, G. A., Saunders, D. G., Powers, F. L., McGibbon, A. S., Reeves, G. L., Rutherford, L., & Balcer, J. L. (2002). Environmental fate of spinosad. 1. Dissipation and degradation in aqueous systems. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 3244–3256.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duan, Y., Guan, N., Li, P. P., Li, J. G., & Luo, J. H. (2016). Monitoring and dietary exposure assessment of pesticide residues in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) in Hainan, China. Food Control, 59, 250–255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EFSA. (2012). Reasoned opinion on the review of the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for spinosad according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005. EFSA Journal, 10(3), 2630.

    Google Scholar 

  • EPA. (2000). Guidance for refining anticipated residue estimates for use in acute dietary probabilistic risk assessment. Washington.

  • EPA. (2013). Food safety. http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/tfsy.html. Accessed 14 Mar 2013

  • Hamilton, D., Ambrus, A., Dieterle, R., Felsot, A., Harris, C., Petersen, B., Racke, K., Wong, S. S., Gonzalez, R., Tanaka, K., Earl, M., Roberts, G., & Bhula, R. (2004). Pesticide resicues in food-acute dietary exposure. Pest Management Science, 60, 311–339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W. M., Qiao, C. K., Chen, X. X., Li, Q. Y., Li, M. H., Li, W. X., & Han, L. J. (2012). Study on decline and residue of spinosad in paddy using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science, 14(3), 298–304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mai, C. Q., Wang, S., & Yuan, W. F. (2012). Preliminary study of green control technology and prediction method for cowpea thrips on cucurbits and vegetables in Sanya City, China. Plant Protection, 32(11), 43–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhat, F., Badawy, H. M. A., Barakat, D. A., & Saber, A. N. (2014). Residues, dissipation and safety evaluation of chromafenozide in strawberry under open field conditions. Food Chemistry, 152, 18–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal, K., Jyot, G., & Singh, B. (2009). Dissipation kinetics of spinosad on Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis. L.) under subtropical conditions of Punjab, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 83, 808–811.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • People’s Daily Online. (2010). Hainan toxic cowpeas concern spread; more provinces ban sale after tests reveal toxic pesticide contamination. http://en.people.cn/90001/90776/90882/6904282.html. Accessed 28 Feb 2010.

  • Pesticide Safety Directorate. (1998). Pesticide residues variability and acute dietary risk assessment. York.

  • SANCO/12571/2013. (2013). Guidance document on analytical quality control and validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed. http://www.eurl-pesticides.eu/library/docs/allcrl/AqcGuidance_Sanco_2013_12571.pdf. Accessed 2013

  • Sharma, A., Srivastava, A., Ram, B., & Srivastava, P. C. (2007). Dissipation behavior of spinosad insecticide in chilli and soil. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 5(2), 49–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S., & Battu, R. S. (2012). Dissipation kinetics of spinosad in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata). Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 94(2), 319–326.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, M., Cao, Z. Y., Liu, H., Ma, Y. N., & Chen, M. X. (2010). Determination of spinosad in vegetables by PSA dispersive solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory, 29(8), 70–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, G. B. (2001). Actions of insecticidal spinosyns on g-amino-butyric acid responses from small-diameter cockroach neurons. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 71, 20–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West, S. D. (1996). Determination of the naturally derived insect control agent spinosad in cottonseed and processed commodities by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44, 3170–3177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West, S. D. (1997). Determination of the naturally derived insect control agent spinosad and its metabolites in soil, sediment, and water by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 3107–3113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West, S. D., Yeh, L. T., Turner, L. G., Schwedler, D. A., Thomas, A. D., & Duebelbeis, D. O. (2000). Determination of spinosad and its metabolites in food and environmental matrices. 1. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 5131–5137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (1997). Guidelines for predicting dietary intake of pesticide residues. 2nd revised edition, GEMS/Food Document WHO/FSF/FOS/97.7, Geneva.

  • WHO. (2009). Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. Environmental Health Criteria, 240.

  • Wu, R. F., Du, F. Z., & Luo, H. L. (2011). Identification and control of cowpea fusarium wilt. Journal of Changjiang Vegetables, 15, 45–46.

  • Xiao, C. L., Liu, Y., Wu, Q. J., Zhang, Y. J., Wu, Q. X., Yuan, T. Q., Luo, F., Wan, S. L., & Kong, X. Y. (2014). Toxicity of different pesticides to cowpea thrips Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) in Sanya area. Plant Protection, 40(6), 164–166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, L. T., Schwedler, D. A., Schelle, G. B., & Balcer, J. L. (1997). Application of Empore disk extraction for trace analysis of spinosad and metabolites in leafy vegetables, peppers, and tomatoes by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 1746–1751.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., Yang, L. Z., Lin, L. Y., Chen, L. P., Zhou, Y., & Xu, D. M. (2011). Determination of spinosyns A and D residues in food by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 29(7), 637–642.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, E. C., Xu, Y. J., Dong, M. F., Jiang, S. R., Zhou, Z. Q., & Han, L. J. (2007). Dissipation and residues of spinosad in eggplant and soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 78, 222–225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2012BAK01B00).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China

    Zhibo Huan, Jinhui Luo, Zhi Xu & Defang Xie

Authors
  1. Zhibo Huan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jinhui Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhi Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Defang Xie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhibo Huan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Huan, Z., Luo, J., Xu, Z. et al. Residues, dissipation, and risk assessment of spinosad in cowpea under open field conditions. Environ Monit Assess 187, 706 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4942-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4942-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation