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Spatial distribution and source identification of trace elements in topsoil from heavily industrialized region, Aliaga, Turkey

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Abstract

Topsoil samples (n = 40) were collected from a heavily industrialized region in Turkey. The region includes several scrap processing iron–steel plants with electric arc furnaces (EAFs), a petroleum refinery, a petrochemical complex, steel rolling mills, a natural gas-fired power plant, ship-breaking yards and very dense transportation activities. The region has undergone a rapid transition from an agricultural region to a heavily industrialized region in the last three decades. Collected soil samples were analyzed for 48 trace elements using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The elemental distribution pattern in the region indicated that Nemrut area with dense iron–steel production activities was a hotspot for elemental pollution. In addition to crustal elements, concentrations of anthropogenic trace elements (i.e., Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr and Mo) were very high in the area influencing many parts of the region. Elemental compositions of fugitive sources polluting the soil (i.e., paved and unpaved roads, slag piles, EAFs filter dust piles and coal piles) were also determined. The methods (enrichment factors [EFs] and the index of geoaccumulation [I geo]) used for determination of pollution status of soil showed that Cr, Ag, Zn, As and Pb were the strongly contaminating elements for the region. Principal component analysis (PCA) clearly indicated that anthropogenic sources (steel production, refinery and petrochemical processes and traffic) were important sources in this region.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the “Assessment of current status of Aliaga industrial region for air pollution” project conducted by Dokuz Eylul University and supported by the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanism and by the industries located in Aliaga region. We also thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for scholarship support for the first author.

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  1. Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5708, USA

    Melik Kara

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Izmir, 35160, Turkey

    Melik Kara, Yetkin Dumanoğlu, Hasan Altıok, Tolga Elbir, Mustafa Odabası & Abdurrahman Bayram

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  1. Melik Kara
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Kara, M., Dumanoğlu, Y., Altıok, H. et al. Spatial distribution and source identification of trace elements in topsoil from heavily industrialized region, Aliaga, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 186, 6017–6038 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3837-z

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