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Assessing the ecological effects of human impacts on coral reefs in Bocas del Toro, Panama

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Abstract

Environmental and biological reef monitoring was conducted in Almirante Bay (Bahía Almirante) in Bocas del Toro, Panama, to assess impacts from anthropogenic developments. An integrated monitoring investigated how seasonal temperature stress, turbidity, eutrophication and physical impacts threatened reef health and biodiversity throughout the region. Environmental parameters such as total suspended solids [TSS], carbon isotopes (δ13C), C/N ratios, chlorophyll a, irradiance, secchi depth, size fractions of the sediments and isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC] of the water were measured throughout the years 2010 and 2011 and were analysed in order to identify different impact sources. Compared to data from Collin et al. (Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 38:324–334, 2009) chlorophyll a has doubled at sites close to the city and the port Almirante (from 0.46–0.49 to 0.78–0.97 μg l−1) and suspension load increased, visible by a decrease in secchi depth values. Visibility decreased from 9-13 m down to 4 m at the bay inlet Boca del Drago, which is strongly exposed to river run off and dredging for the shipping traffic. Eutrophication and turbidity levels seemed to be the determining factor for the loss of hard coral diversity, most significant at chlorophyll a levels higher than 0.5 μg l−1 and TSS levels higher than 4.7 mg l−1. Hard coral cover within the bay has also declined, at some sites down to <10 % with extremely low diversities (7 hard coral species). The hard coral species Porites furcata dominated the reefs in highly impacted areas and showed a strong recovery after bleaching and a higher tolerance to turbidity and eutrophication compared to other hard coral species in the bay. Serious overfishing was detected in the region by a lack of adult and carnivorous fish species, such as grunts, snappers and groupers. Study sites less impacted by anthropogenic activities and/or those with local protection showed a higher hard coral cover and fish abundance; however, an overall loss of hard coral diversity was observed.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the von Pawel-Rammingen foundation and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). We want to thank people from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Bocas del Toro in particular Rachel Collin, Gabriel Jacome, Plinio Gondola and Eric Brown for their invaluable help, great support in organization, field work and space acquisition at the station. Special thanks to Ewgenija Kuhl for her great help in the isotope analysis and to Regine Blühdorn for the English correction. Thank you Claudio Richter for your supervision, helpful input, discussions and advices.

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  1. Kathryn Berry

    Present address: Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 12249, Berlin, Germany

    Janina Seemann, Georg A. Heiss & Reinhold R. Leinfelder

  2. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany

    Janina Seemann, Rodrigo Carballo-Bolaños & Kathryn Berry

  3. Museum für Naturkunde, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany

    Janina Seemann & Ulrich Struck

  4. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Avenue, Tupper Building-401, Balboa, Ancón, Panamá, Republic of Panama

    Cindy T. González

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Seemann, J., González, C.T., Carballo-Bolaños, R. et al. Assessing the ecological effects of human impacts on coral reefs in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Environ Monit Assess 186, 1747–1763 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3490-y

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