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Spatio-temporal footprints of urbanisation in Surat, the Diamond City of India (1990–2009)

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Abstract

Urbanisation is a ubiquitous phenomenon with greater prominence in developing nations. Urban expansion involves land conversions from vegetated moisture-rich to impervious moisture-deficient land surfaces. The urban land transformations alter biophysical parameters in a mode that promotes development of heat islands and degrades environmental health. This study elaborates relationships among various environmental variables using remote sensing dataset to study spatio-temporal footprint of urbanisation in Surat city. Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite data were used in conjugation with geo-spatial techniques to study urbanisation and correlation among various satellite-derived biophysical parameters, [Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, Normalised Difference Built-up Index, Normalised Difference Water Index, Normalised Difference Bareness Index, Modified NDWI and land surface temperature (LST)]. Land use land cover was prepared using hierarchical decision tree classification with an accuracy of 90.4 % (kappa = 0.88) for 1990 and 85 % (kappa = 0.81) for 2009. It was found that the city has expanded over 42.75 km2 within a decade, and these changes resulted in elevated surface temperatures. For example, transformation from vegetation to built-up has resulted in 5.5 ± 2.6 °C increase in land surface temperature, vegetation to fallow 6.7 ± 3 °C, fallow to built-up is 3.5 ± 2.9 °C and built-up to dense built-up is 5.3 ± 2.8 °C. Directional profiling for LST was done to study spatial patterns of LST in and around Surat city. Emergence of two new LST peaks for 2009 was observed in N–S and NE–SW profiles.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to anonymous reviewers for the suggestions. RS and PKJ thank the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, and AG acknowledges the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India for the support.

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  1. TERI University, New Delhi, India, 110070

    Richa Sharma, Aniruddha Ghosh & Pawan Kumar Joshi

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  1. Richa Sharma
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Correspondence to Pawan Kumar Joshi.

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Sharma, R., Ghosh, A. & Joshi, P.K. Spatio-temporal footprints of urbanisation in Surat, the Diamond City of India (1990–2009). Environ Monit Assess 185, 3313–3325 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2792-9

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