Abstract
To determine aluminum and zinc in Iranian consumed tea, 31 tea samples were analysed for Al and Zn concentration of tea leaves and tea infusion. The results show that average concentration of Al and Zn in tea leaves was 326 and 50.7 mg. Kg−1 respectively in this regard Nemoneh and Shahrzad show the highest and lowest concentration respectively in term of Al, also Debsh and Alkozi follow same situation in Zn concentration. Also the solubility of metals in the first infusion was significantly (Al, Zn: P < 0.01) higher than the second infusion and the solubility in the second infusion was also significantly higher than the third infusion (Al: P < 0.01; Zn: P < 0.05). Al leachate in the first infusion (2 min) for Mosama and Seilan tea was highest and lowest respectively. Also in the second and third infusion (5 and 10 min) Golkis and Nemoneh tea show the highest and lowest figures respectively. On the other hand, data from Zn transfer in tea infusion in the first infusion show that Mosama and Ahmad Atry tea have the highest and lowest leachate percentage respectively, while in the second and third infusion Mosama and Golkis tea follow the same situation. Calculation of percentage ‘available’ Al and Zn to the human system showed that 1 l of tea can provide 37.2% of the daily dietary intake of Al, the percentage ‘available’ for absorption in the intestine is only 1.78% for overall mean Al concentration. Also daily dietary intake of Zn was 2.13% while percentage available for absorption in the intestine was 0.72%.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alfrey, A. C. (1989). Physiology of aluminium in man. In H. J. Gitelman (Ed.) Aluminium and health (pp. 101–124). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Alloway, B. J. (1990). Heavy metals in soils. London: Blackie Academic and Professional.
Coriat, A. M., & Gillard, R. D. (1986). Beware the cups that cheer. Nature, 321, 570.
Edwardson, J. A., Oakley, A. E., Pullen, R. G. L., McArthur, F. K., Morris, C. M., & Taylor, G. A., et al. (1989). Aluminium and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In R. Massey, & D. Taylor (Eds.) Aluminium in food and the environment (pp. 20–36). London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Flaten, A. K., & Lund, W. (1997). Speciation of aluminium in tea infusions studied by size exclusion chromatography with detection by postcolumn reaction. The Science of the Total Environment, 207, 21–28.
Fung, K. F., Zhang, Z. Q., Wong, J. W. C., & Wong, M. H. (2003). Aluminium and fluoride concentrations of three tea varieties growing at Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 25, 219–232.
Graham, H. N. (1984). Chemistry, consumption and health effects. In G. A. Spiller (Ed.) The methylxanthine beverages and foods (pp. 29–74). New York: Alan R Liss Inc.
Greger, J. L. (1992). Dietary and other sources of aluminium intake. In Aluminium in biology and medicine. Ciba foundation symposium (pp. 26–49). Chichester: Wiley.
Jackson, M. L. (1983). Aluminium of acid soils in the food chain and senility. Science of the Total Environment, 28, 269–276.
Jackson, L. S., & Lee, Y. (1988). Chemical forms of iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc in black, oolong, green and instant black tea. Journal of Food Sciences, 53, 181–184.
JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) (1999). Summary of evaluations performed by the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives, JECFA 1956–2003. Washington, DC, USA.: ILSI Press, International Life Sciences Institute.
Kabata-Pendias, A., & Pendias, H. (2001). Trace elements in soils and plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Koch, K. R. (1990). Quantitative determination of aluminium in tea by means of aluminium-27 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Analyst, 115, 823–825.
Markert, B. (1993). Plants as biomonitors. Weinheim: VCH.
Martyn, C. N. (1989). An epidemiological approach to aluminium and Alzheimer’s disease. In R. Massey, & D. Taylor (Eds.) Aluminium in food and the environment (pp. 37–39). London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Matsumoto, H., Hirasawa, E., Morimura, S., & Takahashi, S. (1976). Localisation of aluminium in tea leaves. Plant Cell Physiology, 17, 627–631.
McLachlan, D. R. C. (1995). Aluminium and the risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Environmentrics, 6, 233–275.
Mondal, T. K., Bhattacharya, A., Laxmikumaran, M., & Ahuja, P. S. (2004). Recent advances of tea (Camellia sinensis) biotechnology. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 76, 195–254.
Mueller, M., Anke, M., & Illing-Guenther, H. (1997). Availability of aluminium from tea and coffee. Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Forschung A, 205, 170–173.
Nas, S., Gokalp, H. Y., & Sahin, Y. (1993). K-content and Ca content of fresh green tea, black tea, and tea residue determined by X-ray–fluoresence analysis. Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Forschung, 196, 32–37.
Ozdemir, Y., & Gucer, S. (1998). Speciation of manganese in tea leaves and tea infusions. Food Chemistry, 61, 313–317.
Pennington, J. A., & Jones, J. W. (1989). Dietary intake of aluminium. In H. J. Gitelman (Ed.) Aluminium and health (pp. 67–100). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Powell, J. J., Burden, T. J., & Thompson, R. P. H. (1998). In vitro mineral availability from digested tea: A rich dietary source of manganese. Analyst, 123, 1721–1724.
Rajwanshi, P., Singh, V., Gupta, M. K., Kumari, V., Shrivastav, R., & Ramanamurthy, M., et al. (1997). Studies on aluminium leaching from cookware in tea and coffee and estimation of aluminium content in toothpaste, baking powder and paan masala. The Science of the Total Environment, 193, 243–249.
Rao, J. K. S. (1994). Aluminium content in tea leaves and in differently prepared tea infusions. Die Nahrung, 38, 533–537.
Ruan, J., & Wong, M. H. (2001). Accumulation of fluoride and aluminium related to different varieties of tea plant. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 23, 53–63.
Souci, S. W., Fachmann, W., & Kraut, H. (1986). Food composition and nutrition tables 1986/87 p. 1001. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.
Stewart, W. K. (1989). Aluminium toxicity in individuals with chronic renal disease. In R. Massey, & D. Taylor (Eds.) Aluminium in food and the environment (pp. 6–19). London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
The Tea Council (2004). Available from http://www.teacouncil.co.uk.
Thompson, M., & Wood, S. (1982). Atomic absorption methods in applied geochemistry. In J. E. Cantle (Ed.) Atomic absorption spectrometry, techniques and instrumentation in analytical chemistry (Vol. 5). Netherlands: Elsevier.
Wang, L., Su, D., & Wang, Y. (1994). Studies on the aluminium content in Chinese foods and the maximum permitted levels of aluminium in wheat flour products. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 7, 91–99.
Wills, M. R., & Savory, J. (1988). Aluminium toxicity and chronic renal failure. In H. Sigel (Ed.) Metal ions in biological systems. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Wong, M. H., Zhang, Z. Q., Wong, J. W. C., & Lan, C. Y. (1998). Trace metal contents (Al, Cu and Zn) of tea: tea and soil from two tea plantations, and tea products from different provinces of China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 20, 87–94.
Zhou, C. Y., Wu, J., Chi, H., Wong, M. K., Koh, L. L., & Wee, Y. C. (1996). The behaviour of leached aluminium in tea infusions. The Science of the Total Environment, 177, 9–16.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Moghaddam, M.A., Mahvi, A.H., Asgari, A.R. et al. Determination of aluminum and zinc in Iranian consumed tea. Environ Monit Assess 144, 23–30 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0006-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0006-7