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Isolation, identification and characterization of endophytic bacteria antagonistic to Phytophthora palmivora causing black pod of cocoa in Malaysia

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Abstract

Black pod rot is the most significant factor limiting production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in Malaysia with average annual losses of above 30%. This work was carried out to isolate, characterize and screen bacterial endophytes from cocoa plants for their biological control activities. Their mechanisms of action as well as abilities to reduce black pod rot disease were also investigated. In total, 103 endophytic bacterial isolates were obtained from healthy cocoa tissues (leaves, branches and fruits) from seven states of Malaysia in 2016 and screened for their antagonism against P. palmivora in vitro. The best two isolates AS1 and AS2 with more than 80% inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) were selected for subsequent experiments. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA region indicated that these two isolates belonged to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (AS1) and Chryseobacterium proteolyticum (AS2). Bioactive volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Major compounds present in P. aeruginosa extract were identified as Eicosane (9.11%), Hexatriacontane (6.87%), Tetratetracontane (5.17%), trans-2-Decenoic acid (17.04%) and 1-Phenanthrenecarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydro-1,4a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl) (3.60%). In C. proteolyticum extract, major compounds were identified as Eicosane (11.29%), Tetratetracontane (10.82%), Heneicosane (10.78%), Hexatriacontane (9.04%) and Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) (5.92%). Effectiveness of P. aeruginosa and C. proteolyticum in reducing black pod lesion was confirmed on detached cocoa pods with 100% inhibition for both isolates. These results indicated that these two bacterial isolates have potential to be used as bio-control agents against P. palmivora.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to express my heartfelt and deep appreciation to my late supervisor Associate. Prof. Dr. Jugah Kadir for his valuable assistance in this study which have remarkable contributed to fulfill this research with less difficulty.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Wael Alsultan, Ganesan Vadamalai, Ahmad Khairulmazmi, Osamah Rashed & Abbas Nasehi

  2. Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Halimi Mohd Saud

  3. Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Alkhoud 123, Muscat, Oman

    Abdullah M. Al-Sadi

  4. Cocoa Research and Development Centre, Lot 248, Blok 14, Biotechnology Park, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Ahmad Kamil Mohd Jaaffar

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  1. Wael Alsultan
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Alsultan, W., Vadamalai, G., Khairulmazmi, A. et al. Isolation, identification and characterization of endophytic bacteria antagonistic to Phytophthora palmivora causing black pod of cocoa in Malaysia. Eur J Plant Pathol 155, 1077–1091 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01834-8

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