Abstract
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is a whitefly-transmitted crinivirus that causes interveinal chlorosis and bronzing on tomato leaves. Although outbreaks of ToCV have been reported in many countries, the virus was not reported in Korea until 2013. To identify weed hosts of ToCV that may serve as virus reservoirs, we analyzed various weeds that were growing together with ToCV-infected tomatoes and viruliferous Bemisia tabaci in a tomato greenhouse. We performed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of root samples from 148 samples of 61 species from 24 families of plants grown in the greenhouse to avoid possible ToCV contamination by whiteflies on leaves. Seventeen weed species were identified as ToCV hosts based on RT-PCR results of root samples: Conyza canadensis, Erigeron annuus, Sonchus asper, Youngia japonica, Trigonotis peduncularis, Cardamine flexuosa, Cerastium glomeratum, Stellaria media, Chenopodium album, Ipomoea hederacea, Quamoclit coccinea, Vicia angustifolia var. segetilis, V. tetrasperma, Phytolacca americana, Mazus pumilus, Solanum americanum and S. nigrum. The amplicons obtained by RT-PCR were confirmed as ToCV by sequence analysis. Life cycle analysis of the weeds indicated that each weed could play an important role as a “green bridge” or virus reservoir between tomato cultivation seasons. This is the first report documenting the possible occurrence of ToCV in tomato plants based on weed life cycles.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Accotto, G., Vaira, A., Vecchiati, M., Finetti Sialer, M., Gallitelli, D., & Davino, M. (2001). First report of Tomato chlorosis virus in Italy. Plant Disease, 85(11), 1208.
Alvarez‐Ruiz, P., Jimenez, C., Leyva‐López, N., & Méndez‐Lozano, J. (2007). First report of Tomato chlorosis virus infecting tomato crops in Sinaloa, Mexico. Plant Pathology, 56(6), 1043.
Barbosa, J., Teixeira, A., Moreira, A., Camargo, L., Filho, A. B., Kitajima, E., et al. (2008). First report of Tomato chlorosis virus infecting tomato crops in Brazil. Plant Disease, 92(12), 1709.
Barbosa, J., Teixeira, L., & Rezende, J. (2010). First report on the susceptibility of sweet pepper crops to Tomato chlorosis virus in Brazil. Plant Disease, 94(3), 374.
Corpet, F. (1988). Multiple sequence alignment with hierarchical clustering. Nucleic Acids Research, 16(22), 10881–10890.
Dalmon, A., Bouyer, S., Cailly, M., Girard, M., Lecoq, H., Desbiez, C., et al. (2005). First report of Tomato chlorosis virus and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus in tomato crops in France. Plant Disease, 89(11), 1243.
Dellaporta, S. L., Wood, J., & Hicks, J. B. (1983). A plant DNA minipreparation: version II. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 1(4), 19–21.
Fiallo-Olivé, E., Hamed, A., Moriones, E., & Navas-Castillo, J. (2011). First report of Tomato chlorosis virus infecting tomato in Sudan. Plant Disease, 95(12), 1592.
Font, M., Juárez, M., Martínez, O., & Jordá, C. (2004). Current status and newly discovered natural hosts of Tomato infectious chlorosis virus and Tomato chlorosis virus in Spain. Plant Disease, 88(1), 82.
Fortes, I. M., & Navas-Castillo, J. (2012). Potato, an experimental and natural host of the crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 134(1), 81–86.
Freitas, D. M. S., Nardin, I., Shimoyama, N., Souza-Dias, J., & Rezende, J. (2012). First report of Tomato chlorosis virus in potato in Brazil. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 134(1), 81–86.
Hirota, T., Natsuaki, T., Murai, T., Nishigawa, H., Niibori, K., Goto, K., et al. (2010). Yellowing disease of tomato caused by Tomato chlorosis virus newly recognized in Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 76(2), 168–171.
Kataya, A., Stavridou, E., Farhan, K., & Livieratos, I. (2008). Nucleotide sequence analysis and detection of a Greek isolate of Tomato chlorosis virus. Plant Pathology, 57(5), 819–824.
Kil, E. J., Park, J., Lee, H., Kim, J., Choi, H. S., Lee, K. Y., et al. (2014). Lamium amplexicaule (Lamiaceae): a weed reservoir for tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in Korea. Archives of Virology, 159(6), 1305–1311. doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1913-2.
Kil, E. J., Byun, H. S., Kim. S. H., Cho, S., Cho, S., Roh, K., et al. (2015). Tomato yellow leaf curl virus can overwinter in Stellaria aquatica, a winter-hardy TYLCV-reservoir weed. Plant Disease. doi:10.1094/PDIS-04-14-0352-RE.
Louro, D., Accotto, G., & Vaira, A. (2000). Occurrence and diagnosis of Tomato chlorosis virus in Portugal. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 106(6), 589–592.
Lozano, G., Moriones, E., & Navas-Castillo, J. (2004). First report of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) as a natural host plant for Tomato chlorosis virus. Plant Disease, 88(2), 224.
Morris, J., Steel, E., Smith, P., Boonham, N., Spence, N., & Barker, I. (2006). Host range studies for Tomato chlorosis virus, and Cucumber vein yellowing virus transmitted by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). European Journal of Plant Pathology, 114(3), 265–273.
Segev, L., Wintermantel, W., Polston, J., & Lapidot, M. (2004). First report of Tomato chlorosis virus in Israel. Plant Disease, 88(10), 1160.
Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H., & Flook, P. (1994). Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87(6), 651–701.
Solórzano-Morales, A., Barboza, N., Hernández, E., Mora-Umaña, F., Ramírez, P., & Hammond, R. (2011). Newly discovered natural hosts of Tomato chlorosis virus in Costa Rica. Plant Disease, 95(4), 497.
Trenado, H. P., Fortes, I. M., Louro, D., & Navas-Castillo, J. (2007). Physalis ixocarpa and P. peruviana, new natural hosts of Tomato chlorosis virus. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 118(2), 193–196.
Tsai, W., Shih, S., Green, S., Hanson, P., & Liu, H. (2004). First report of the occurrence of Tomato chlorosis virus and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus in Taiwan. Plant Disease, 88(3), 311.
Vargas, J., Hammond, R., Hernández, E., Barboza, N., Mora, F., & Ramírez, P. (2011). First report of Tomato chlorosis virus infecting sweet pepper in Costa Rica. Plant Disease, 95(11), 1482.
Wintermantel, W., & Wisler, G. (2006). Vector specificity, host range, and genetic diversity of Tomato chlorosis virus. Plant Disease, 90(6), 814–819.
Wintermantel, W., Polston, J., Escudero, J., & Paoli, E. (2001). First report of Tomato chlorosis virus in Puerto Rico. Plant Disease, 85(2), 228.
Wisler, G., Duffus, J., Liu, H.-Y., & Li, R. (1998a). Ecology and epidemiology of whitefly-transmitted closteroviruses. Plant Disease, 82(3), 270–280.
Wisler, G., Li, R., Liu, H.-Y., Lowry, D., & Duffus, J. (1998b). Tomato chlorosis virus: a new whitefly-transmitted, phloem-limited, bipartite closterovirus of tomato. Phytopathology, 88(5), 402–409.
Zhao, R., Wang, R., Wang, N., Fan, Z., Zhou, T., Shi, Y., et al. (2013). First Report of Tomato chlorosis virus in China. Plant Disease, 97(8), 1123.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by a grant (311058-05-3-HD140) from Agricultural Biotechnology Development Program, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs of Republic of Korea.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Eui-Joon Kil and Ye-Ji Lee contributed equally to this work.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Supplementary Fig 1
Multiple alignment of sequences from Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV)-infected weeds and tomato samples with previously reported ToCV sequence (KJ815045). (PPTX 125 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kil, EJ., Lee, YJ., Cho, S. et al. Identification of natural weed hosts of Tomato chlorosis virus in Korea by RT-PCR with root tissues. Eur J Plant Pathol 142, 419–426 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0622-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0622-y