Abstract
Citrus plants are natural hosts of five viroid species and large numbers of sequence variants. In this paper a simple and sensitive one step multiplex RT-PCR protocol with an internal control was utilised to simultaneously detect and differentiate five citrus viroids: Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid-III (CVd-III) and Citrus viroid-IV (CVd-IV). In addition, a micro and rapid total nucleic acid extraction method was developed and the protocol applied to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of citrus viroids in China.
References
Amy, M. B., Igor, A. Y., & Steven, H. S. (2004). Validating internal controls for quantitative plant gene expression studies. BMC Plant Biology, 4, 14. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-4-14.
Ashulin, L., Lachman, O., Hadas, O., & Bar-Joseph, M. (1991). Nucleotide sequence of a new viroid species, Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd) isolated from grapefruit in Israel. Nucleic Acids Research, 19, 4767. doi:10.1093/nar/19.17.4767.
Cohen, O., Batuman, O., Stanbekova, G., Sano, T., Mawassi, W., & Bar-Joseph, M. (2006). Construction of a multiprobe for the simultaneous detection of viroids infecting citrus trees. Virus Genes, 33, 287–292.
Diener, T. O. (2001). The viroid: biological oddity or evolutionary fossil. Advances in Virus Research, 57, 137–184. doi:10.1016/S0065-3527(01)57003-7.
Duran-Vila, N., Pina, J. A., & Navarro, L. (1993). Improved indexing of citrus viroids. Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, Riverside, California, 10, pp. 202–211.
Duran-Vila, N., Roistacher, C. N., Rivera-Bustamente, R., & Semancik, J. S. (1988). A definition of citrus viroid groups and their relationship to the exocortis disease. The Journal of General Virology, 69, 3069–3080. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-69-12-3069.
Duran-Vila, N., Semancik, J. S., & Broadbent, P. (2000). Viroid diseases, cachexia, and exocortis. In L. W. Timmer, S. M. Garnsey, & J. H. Graham (Eds.), Compendium of citrus diseases (pp. 51–54, 2nd ed.). St. Paul, MN: American Phytopathology Society.
Flores, R., Hernandez, C., Martinez de Alba, A. E., Daros, J. A., & Di Serio, F. (2005). Viroids and viroid–host interactions. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 43, 117–139. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140243.
Gross, H. J., Krupp, G., Domdey, H., Raba, M., Jank, P., Lossow, C., et al. (1982). Nucleotide sequence and secondary structure of citrus exocortis and Chrysanthemum stunt viroid. European Journal of Biochemistry, 121, 249–257. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb05779.x.
Hutton, R. J., Broadbent, P., & Bevington, K. B. (2000). Viroid dwarfing for high density plantings. Horticultural Reviews, 24, 277–317.
Ito, T., Ieki, H., & Ozaki, K. (2002). Simultaneous detection of six citrus viroids and Apple stem grooving virus from citrus plants by multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Virological Methods, 106, 235–239. doi:10.1016/S0166-0934(02)00147-7.
Ito, T., Ieki, H., Ozaki, K., & Ito, T. (2001). Characterization of a new citrus viroid species tentatively termed Citrus viroid OS. Archives of Virology, 146, 975–982. doi:10.1007/s007050170129.
Levy, L., Hadidi, A., & Garnsey, S. M. (1992). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays for the rapid detection of citrus viroids using multiplex primer sets. Proceeding of the International Society of Citriculture, 2, 800–803.
Puchta, H., Ramm, K., Luckinger, R., Hadas, R., Bar-Joseph, M., & Sanger, H. L. (1991). Primary and secondary structure of Citrus viroid IV (CVd IV), a new chimeric viroid present in dwarfed grapefruit in Israel. Nucleic Acids Research, 19, 6640. doi:10.1093/nar/19.23.6640.
Roistacher, C. N., Calavan, E. C., Blue, R. L., Navarro, L., & Gonzales, R. (1977). A new more sensitive citron indicator for the detection of mild isolates of Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd). Plant Disease Reporter, 61, l35–l139.
Sano, T., Hataya, T., & Shikata, E. (1988). Complete nucleotide sequence of a viroid isolated from Etrog citron, a new member of Hop stunt viroid group. Nucleic Acids Research, 16, 347. doi:10.1093/nar/16.1.347.
Semancik, J. S., Rakowski, A. G., Bash, J. A., & Gumpf, D. J. (1997). Application of selected viroids for dwarfing and enhancement of production of ‘Valencia’ orange. Journal of Horticultural Science, 72, 563–570.
Semancik, J. S., Roistacher, C. N., & Duran-Vila, N. (1988). A new viroid is the causal agent of the citrus cachexia disease. Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, Riverside, California, 10, pp. 125–135.
Semancik, J. S., & Weathers, L. G. (1972). Exocortis virus: an infectious free-nucleic acid plant virus with unusual properties. Virology, 46, 456–466. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(72)90281-4.
Serra, P., Barbosa, C. J., Daros, J. A., Flores, R., & Duran-Vila, N. (2008). Citrus viroid V: molecular characterization and synergistic interactions with other members of the genus Apscaviroid. Virology, 370, 102–112. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.033.
Sieburth, P. J., Irey, M., Garusey, S. M., Semancik, J. S., Levy, L., & Hilf, M. E. (2002). The Use of RT-PCR in the Florida citrus viroid indexing program. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on International Organization of Citrus Virologists, Riverside, California, 15, pp. 230–238.
Tessitori, M., La Rosa, R., Albanese, G., & Catara, A. (1996). PCR diagnosis of citrus viroids in field samples. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on International Organization of Citrus Virologists, Riverside, California, 13, pp. 230–235.
Yang, X., Hadidi, A., & Garnsey, S. M. (1992). Enzymatic cDNA amplification of Citrus exocortis and Cachexia viroids from infected citrus hosts. Phytopathology, 82, 279–285. doi:10.1094/Phyto-82-279.
Zhou, C. Y., Hailstones, D., Connor, R., Barkley, P., & Bowyer, J. (2001). A method for micro and rapid extraction of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) nucleic acid applied to RT-PCR amplification. Journal of Fujian Agricultural University, 30, 200, in Chinese.
Acknowledgements
We thank Drs. Deborah Hailstones and Francesco Faggioli for the valuable comments and critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Science R&D Programme (2007BAD47B03, 2007BAD61B04) and Natural Science Foundation Project of CQ CSTC (2006BB1351).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, X., Zhou, C., Tang, K. et al. A rapid one-step multiplex RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of five citrus viroids in China. Eur J Plant Pathol 124, 175–180 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9386-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9386-y