Abstract
The response of microconidia from pathogenic and non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum to root exudates from tomato plants inoculated with different pathogenic and non-pathogenic F. oxysporum strains was studied. Root exudates from non-inoculated tomatoes highly stimulated the microconidial germination of the two tomato pathogens, F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici strain Fol 007 and F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici strain Forl 101587. In root exudates from tomato plants challenged with the pathogen Fol 007 the microconidial germination of Fol 007 was increased, whereas in root exudates from plants challenged with Forl 101587 the microconidial germination of Fol 007 was reduced. Root exudates of tomato plants challenged with the non-pathogenic unspecific F. oxysporum strain Fo 135 and the biocontrol strain Fo 47 clearly reduced microconidial germination of the pathogenic strain Forl 101587. Moreover, the microconidial germination rate of the biocontrol strain Fo 47 was increased in the presence of root exudates of tomato plants challenged with the tomato wilt pathogen Fol 007. These results indicate that pathogenic and non-pathogenic F. oxysporum strains alter the root exudation of tomato plants differently and consequently the fungal propagation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic F. oxysporum strains in the rhizosphere is affected differently.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alabouvette, C. (1990). Biological control of Fusarium wilt pathogens in suppressive soils. In D. Hornby (Ed.) Biological control of plant pathogens (pp. 27–43). Wallingford: CAB.
Alabouvette, C., Olivain, C., & Steinberg, C. (2006). Biological control of plant diseases: The European situation. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 114, 329–341.
Armstrong, G. M., & Armstrong, J. K. (1981). Formae speciales and races of Fusarium oxysporum causing wilt diseases. In P. E. Nelson, T. A. Toussoun, & R. J. Cook (Eds.) Fusarium: Diseases, biology and taxonomy (pp. 392–399). University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Bais, H. P., Weir, T. L., Perry, L. G., Gilroy, S., & Vivanco, J. M. (2006). The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 57, 233–266.
Bertin, C., Yang, X., & Weston, L. A. (2003). The role of root exudates and allelochemicals in the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil, 256, 67–83.
Bolwerk, A., Lagopodi, A. L., Lugtenberg, B. J. J., & Bloemberg, G. V. (2005). Visualization of interactions between a pathogenic and a beneficial Fusarium strain during biocontrol of tomato foot and root rot. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions, 18, 710–721.
Fravel, D., Olivain, C., & Alabouvette, C. (2003). Fusarium oxysporum and its biocontrol. New Phytologist, 157, 493–502.
He, C., Hsiang, T., & Wolyn, D. J. (2001). Activation of defence responces to Fusarium infection in Asparagus densiflorus. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 107, 473–483.
Hochmuth, G. J., & Hochmuth, R. (2003). Keys to successful tomato and cucumber production in perlite media. Factsheet HS927. Department of Horticultural Sciences, Florida cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Retrieved June 30, 2007, from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/HS169.
Jones, J. P. (1991). Fusarium wilt. In J. B. Jones, R. E. Stall, & T. A. Zitter (Eds.) Compendium of tomato diseases. St. Paul, Minnesota: APS.
Kamilova, F., Kravchenko, L. V., Shaposhnikov, A. I., Makarova, N., & Lugtenberg, B. (2006). Effects of the tomato pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici and the biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365 on the composition of organic acids and sugars in tomato root exudates. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions, 19, 1121–1126.
Kravchenko, L. V., Azarova, T. S., Leonova-Erko, E. I., Shaposhnikov, A. I., Makarova, N. M., & Tikhonovich, I. A. (2003). Root exudates of tomato plants and their effect on the growth and antifungal activity of Pseudomonas strains. Microbiology, 72, 37–41.
Lagopodi, A. L., Ram, A. F. J., Lamers, G. E. M., Punt, P. J., Van den Hondel, C. A. M., Lugtenberg, B. J. J., et al. (2002). Novel aspects of tomato root colonization and infection by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis using the green fluorescent protein as a marker. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions, 15, 172–179.
Larkin, R. P., & Fravel, D. R. (1999). Mechanisms of action and dose–response relationships governing biological control of Fusarium wilt by nonpathogenic Fusarium spp. Phytopathology, 89, 1152–1161.
Lioussanne, L., Jolicoeur, M., & St-Arnaud, M. (2003). Effects of the alteration of tomato root exudation by Glomus intraradices colonization on Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae zoospores. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Mycorrhizae, Aug. 10–15, Montreal/Canada, p. 291.
Lugtenberg, B. J. J., Kravchenko, L. V., & Simons, M. (1999). Tomato seed and root exudate sugars: Composition, utilization by Pseudomonas biocontrol strains and role in the rhizosphere colonization. Environmental Microbiology, 1, 439–446.
Matta, A. (1989). Induced resistance to fusarium wilt diseases. In E. C. Tjamos, & C. H. Beckman (Eds.) Vascular wilt diseases of plants—Basic studies and control (pp. 175–196). NATO ASI Series, Berlin: Springer.
Nelson, E. B. (1991). Exudate molecules initiating fungal responses to seed and roots. In D. L. Keister, & P.B. Cregan (Eds.) The rhizosphere and plant growth (pp. 197–209). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Olivain, C., & Alabouvette, C. (1997). Colonization of tomato root by a non-pathogenic strain of Fusarium. New Phytologist, 137, 481–494.
Olivain, C., & Alabouvette, C. (1999). Process of tomato root colonization by a pathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in comparison with a non-pathogenic strain. New Phytologist, 141, 497–510.
Olivain, C., Humbert, C., Nahalkova, J., Fatehi, J., L’Haridon, F., & Alabouvette, C. (2006). Colonization of tomato root by pathogenic and nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strains inoculated together and separately into the soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 1523–1531.
Pinior, A., Wyss, U., Piché, Y., & Vierheilig, H. (1999). Plants colonized by AM fungi regulate further root colonization by AM fungi through altered root exudation. Canadian Journal of Botany, 77, 891–897.
Ruan, Y., Kotraiah, V., & Straney, D. C. (1995). Flavonoids stimulate spore germination in Fusarium solani pathogenic on legumes in a manner sensitive to inhibitors of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions, 8, 929–938.
Scheffknecht, S., Mammerler, R., Steinkellner, S., & Vierheilig, H. (2006). Root exudates of mycorrhizal tomato plants exhibit a different effect on microconidia germination of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici than root exudates from non-mycorrhizal tomato plants. Mycorrhiza, 16, 365–370.
Scheffknecht, S., St-Arnaud, M., Khaosaad, T., Steinkellner, S., & Vierheilig, H. (2007). An altered root exudation pattern through mycorrhization affecting microconidia germination of the highly specialized tomato pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) is not tomato specific but also occurs in Fol non-host plants. Canadian Journal of Botany, 85, 347–351.
Sood, S. G. (2003). Chemotactic response of plant-growth-promoting bacteria towards roots of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal tomato plants. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 45, 219–227.
Steinberg, C., Whipps, J. M., Wood, D., Fenlon, J., & Alabouvette, C. (1999). Mycelial development of Fusarium oxysporum in the vicinity of tomato roots. Mycological Research, 103, 769–778.
Steinkellner, S., Mammerler, R., & Vierheilig, H. (2005). Microconidia germination of the tomato pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in the presence of root exudates. Journal of Plant Interactions, 1, 23–30.
Stevenson, P. C., Padgham, D. E., & Haware, M. P. (1995). Root exudates associated with resistance of four chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum) to two races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri. Plant Pathology, 44, 686–694.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Steinkellner, S., Mammerler, R. & Vierheilig, H. Germination of Fusarium oxysporum in root exudates from tomato plants challenged with different Fusarium oxysporum strains. Eur J Plant Pathol 122, 395–401 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9306-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9306-1