Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Maternal overweight and smoking: prenatal risk factors for caries development in offspring during the teenage period

  • DEVELOPMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • Published:
European Journal of Epidemiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate pre- and perinatal determinants as risk factors for caries development in offspring. In this longitudinal register-based cohort study, we included all children (n = 18,142), of 13 years of age who resided in the county of Stockholm, Sweden, in 2000. The cohort was followed until individuals were 19 years of age. In total, 15,538 subjects were examined. Dental caries (decayed, missing and filled teeth/surfaces), were collected from the Public Health Care Administration in Stockholm. Data concerning pre- and perinatal factors, as well as parental socio-demographic determinants, were collected from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and Swedish National Registers at Statistics Sweden. Mean approximal caries increment (DMFSa) was 1.34 ± 2.74. The results showed that the prenatal factors, “maternal smoking” and “maternal overweight” exhibited an increased risk of approximal caries increment, (OR 1.33; 95% CI = 1.22–1.44) and (OR 1.21; 95% CI = 1.07–1.37), respectively. Concerning maternal overweight, the excess risk enhanced in relation to the magnitude of the caries increment and maternal smoking was significant across the various DMFSa outcome cut-off levels. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the prenatal factors, maternal overweight, as well as smoking, are risk factors for approximal caries development in offspring during the teenage period.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

BMI:

Body mass index

CI:

Confidence interval

DMFSa:

Decayed, missing and filled surfaces approximal

DMFT/S:

Decayed, missing and filled teeth/surfaces

ETS:

Environmental tobacco smoke

MBR:

Medical birth register

NRN:

National registration number

OR:

Odds ratio

SPSS:

Statistical package for the social sciences

References

  1. Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y. Introduction: a life course approach to the aetiology of adult chronic disease. In: Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y, editors. The life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1997. p. 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Watt RG. Emerging theories into the social determinants of health: implications for oral health promotion. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30(4):241–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Barker DJP. Mother, babies and health in later life. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bergmann RL, Bergmann KE, Dudenhausen JW. Undernutrition and growth restriction in pregnancy. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2008;61:103–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Jaddoe VW, Troe EJ, Hofman A, Mackenbach JP, Moll HA, Steegers EA, et al. Active and passive maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risks of low birth weight and preterm birth: the generation R study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2008;22(2):162–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Malik S, Cleves MA, Honein MA, Romitti PA, Botto LD, Yang S, et al. National birth defects prevention study. Maternal smoking and congenital heart defects. Pediatrics. 2008;121(4):e810–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Edstedt Bonamy AK, Bengtsson J, Nagy Z, de Keyzer H, Norman M. Preterm birth and maternal smoking in pregnancy are strong risk factors for aortic narrowing in adolescence. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97(8):1080–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Jurado D, Muñoz C, Luna JDE D, Muñoz-Hoyos A. Is maternal smoking more determinant than paternal smoking on the respiratory symptoms of young children? Respir Med. 2005;99(9):1138–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Metsälä J, Kilkkinen A, Kaila M, Tapanainen H, Klaukka T, Gissler M, et al. Perinatal factors and the risk of asthma in childhood—a population-based register study in Finland. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(2):170–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Montgomery SM, Ekbom A. Smoking during pregnancy and diabetes mellitus in a British longitudinal birth cohort. BMJ. 2002;324(7328):26–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Jaakkola JJ, Gissler M. Maternal smoking in pregnancy as a determinant of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory polyarthropathies during the first 7 years of life. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34(3):664–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Shenassa ED, Brown MJ. Maternal smoking and infantile gastrointestinal dysregulation: the case of colic. Pediatrics. 2004;114(4):e497–505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chung KC, Kowalski CP, Kim HM, Buchman SR. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the risk of having a child with cleft lip/palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(2):485–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mizutani T, Suzuki K, Kondo N, Yamagata Z. Association of maternal lifestyles including smoking during pregnancy with childhood obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(12):3133–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Zheng S, Deng H, Gao X. Studies on developmental enamel defects in the primary dentition of children with histories of low birth weight and prematurity and their susceptibility to dental caries. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1998;33(5):270–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Saraiva MC, Bettiol H, Barbieri MA, Silva AA. Are intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth associated with dental caries? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007;35(5):364–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Nicolau B, Marcenes W, Bartley M, Sheiham A. A life course approach to assessing causes of dental caries experience: the relationship between biological, behavioural, socio-economic and psychological conditions and caries in adolescents. Caries Res. 2003;37(5):319–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Burt BA, Pai S. Does low birth weight increase the risk of caries? A systematic review. J Dent Educ. 2001;65(10):1024–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Shulman JD. Is there an association between low birth weight and caries in the primary dentition? Caries Res. 2005;39(3):161–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Brogårdh-Roth S, Stjernqvist K, Matsson L. Dental behavioural management problems and dental caries prevalence in 3- to 6-year-old Swedish children born preterm. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008;18(5):341–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Saraiva MC, Chiga S, Bettiol H, Silva AA, Barbieri MA. Is low birth weight associated with dental caries in permanent dentition? Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2007;21(1):49–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Williams SA, Kwan SYL, Parsons S. Parental smoking practices and caries experience in pre-school children. Caries Res. 2000;34(2):117–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Aligne CA, Moss ME, Auinger P, Weitzman M. Association of pediatric dental caries with passive smoking. JAMA. 2003;289(10):1258–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Shenkin JD, Broffitt B, Levy SM, Warren JJ. The association between environmental tobacco smoke and primary tooth caries. J Public Health Dent. 2004;64(3):184–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hanioka T, Nakamura E, Ojima M, Tanaka K, Aoyama H. Dental caries in 3-year-old children and smoking status of parents. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2008;22(6):546–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Leroy R, Hoppenbrouwers K, Jara A, Declerck D. Parental smoking behavior and caries experience in preschool children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008;36(3):249–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Tanaka K, Hanioka T, Miyake Y, Ojima M, Aoyama H. Association of smoking in household and dental caries in Japan. J Public Health Dent. 2006;66(4):279–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ayo-Yusuf OA, Reddy PS, van Wyk PJ, van den Borne BW. Household smoking as a risk indicator for caries in adolescents permanent teeth. J Adolesc Health. 2007;41(3):309–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lunde AS, Lundeborg S, Lettenstrom GS, Thygesen L, Huebner J. The person-number systems of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Israel. Vital Health Stat 2. 1980;84:1–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Cnattingius S, Ericson A, Gunnarskog J, Källén B. A quality study of a medical birth registry. Scand J Soc Med. 1990;18(2):143–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. The Swedish Medical Birth Register—A summary of content and quality. http://www.sos.se/fulltext/112/2003-112-3/2003-112-3.pdf.

  32. Bailleul-Forestier I, Lopes K, Souames M, Azoguy-Levy S, Frelut ML, Boy-Lefevre ML. Caries experience in a severely obese adolescent population. Int J Peadiatr Dent. 2007;17(5):358–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Alm A, Fåhraeus C, Wendt LK, Koch G, Andersson-Gäre B, Birkhed D. Body adiposity status in teenagers and snacking habits in early childhood in relation to approximal caries at 15 years of age. Int J Peadiatr Dent. 2008;18(3):189–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kantovitz KR, Pascon FM, Rontani RM, Gaviao MB. Obesity and dental caries—a systematic review. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2006;4(2):137–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wu Q, Suzuki M. Parental obesity and overweight affect the body-fat accumulation in the offspring: the possible effect of a high-fat diet through epigenetic inheritance. Obes Rev. 2006;7(2):201–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ruottinen S, Karjalainen S, Pienihäkkinen K, Lagström H, Niinikoski H, Salminen M, et al. Sucrose intake since infancy and dental health in 10-year-old children. Caries Res. 2004;38(2):142–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tapanainen P, Leinonen E, Ruokonen A, Knip M. Leptin concentrations are elevated in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Horm Res. 2001;55(4):185–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Plagemann A, Harder T, Kohlhoff R, Rhode W, Dorner G. Overweight and obesity in infants of mothers with long-term insulin-dependent diabetes or gestational diabetes. Int J Obes Rel Metabol Disord. 1997;21(6):451–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Silverman BL, Rizzo T, Green OC, Cho NH, Winter RJ, Ogata ES, et al. Long-term prospective evaluation of offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes. 1991;40(2):121–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Mühlhäusler BS. Programming of the appetite-regulating neural network: a link between maternal overnutrition and the programming of obesity. J Neuroendocrinol. 2007;19(1):67–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Reidpath DD, Crawford D, Tilgner L, Gibbons C. Relationship between body mass index and the use of health-care services in Australia. Obes Res. 2002;10(6):526–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Rennie KL, Johnson L, Jebb SA. Behavioural determinants of obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;19(3):343–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Klerman L. Protecting children: reducing their environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Nicotine Tob Res. 2004;6(Suppl 2):239S–53S.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Macaubas C, de Klerk NH, Holt BJ, Wee C, Kendall G, Firth M, et al. Association between antenatal cytokine production and the development of atopy and asthma at age 6 years. Lancet. 2003;362(9391):1192–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Devereux G, Barker RN, Seaton A. Antenatal determinants of neonatal immune responses to allergens. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32(1):43–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Noakes PS, Holt PG, Prescott SL. Maternal smoking in pregnancy alters neonatal cytokine responses. Allergy. 2003;58(10):1053–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Le Souëf PN. Adverse effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on innate immunity in infants. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(4):675–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Noakes PS, Hale J, Thomas R, Lane C, Devadason SG, Prescott SL. Maternal smoking is associated with impaired neonatal toll-like-receptor-mediated immune responses. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(4):721–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Alm A, Wendt LK, Koch G, Birkhed D. Oral hygiene and parent-related factors during early childhood in relation to approximal caries at 15 years of age. Caries Res. 2008;42:28–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bruno-Ambrosius K, Swanholm G, Twetman S. Eating habits, smoking and toothbrushing in relation to dental caries: a 3-year study in Swedish female teenagers. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2005;15(3):190–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gilman SE, Rende R, Boergers J, Abrams DB, Buka SL, Clark MA, et al. Parental smoking and adolescent smoking initiation: an intergenerational perspective on tobacco control. Pediatrics. 2009;123(2):e274–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grants from the Skaraborg County Council, the Swedish Dental Society, and the Swedish Patent Revenue Research Fund.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Karolinska Institutet, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden

    Annika Julihn & Thomas Modéer

  2. Specialist Dental Care in Västra Götaland, Västra Götaland, Sweden

    Annika Julihn

  3. Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Anders Ekbom

Authors
  1. Annika Julihn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anders Ekbom
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Thomas Modéer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Annika Julihn.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Julihn, A., Ekbom, A. & Modéer, T. Maternal overweight and smoking: prenatal risk factors for caries development in offspring during the teenage period. Eur J Epidemiol 24, 753–762 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-009-9399-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-009-9399-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation