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Outbreak of typhoid fever in vaccinated members of the French Armed Forcesin the Ivory Coast

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Abstract

In 2001, an outbreak of typhoid fever occurred among the members of the French Armed Forces. All had received a typhoid vaccination as per the immunization schedule practiced in the Armed Forces (every 5 years). A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 94 personnel. The objectives were to confirm the diagnosis, determine the source of contamination and identify the factors associated with defective vaccinal efficacy. Twenty-four cases were clinically identified. A cucumber salad was identified as the contaminating dish (Risk Ratio=3.6; 95%CI 1.5–8.9). Only one factor was related to defective vaccinal efficacy; the risk of typhoid fever was twofold higher in people vaccinated more than 3 years previously (Risk Ratio = 2.2; 95%CI, 1.1–4.2). Compliance with food hygiene rules could have prevented 24 cases of typhoid fever. Nevertheless, repeat vaccination against typhoid fever is now conducted every 3 years in the French Forces, in compliance with the manufacturers’ recommendations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département d’épidémiologie et de santé publique, Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Marseille, France

    Rémy Michel, André Spiegel & Jean-Paul Boutin

  2. Service de biologie clinique, Hôpital d’Instruction des Armées Alphonse Laveran, Marseille, France

    Eric Garnotel & Marc Morillon

  3. Laboratoire du Val de Reuil, Aventis Pasteur, Lyon, France

    Pierre Saliou

Authors
  1. Rémy Michel
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  2. Eric Garnotel
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  3. André Spiegel
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  4. Marc Morillon
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  5. Pierre Saliou
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  6. Jean-Paul Boutin
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Correspondence to Rémy Michel.

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Michel, R., Garnotel, E., Spiegel, A. et al. Outbreak of typhoid fever in vaccinated members of the French Armed Forcesin the Ivory Coast. Eur J Epidemiol 20, 635–642 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-005-7454-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-005-7454-6

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