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The association of high-fluoride and high-iodine combined exposure with dental fluorosis and goiter: a meta-analysis

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Abstract

It is controversial that high-fluoride and high-iodine combined exposure affects the prevalence of dental fluorosis and goiter. The aim of this study was to explore the potential association between high-fluoride and high-iodine combined exposure with dental fluorosis and goiter. We retrieved relevant articles from PubMed, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database and China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP). The query format was 1 # “Fluorosis” OR “Fluoride,” 2 # “Iodine” OR “Iodide,” and 3 # 1 AND 2. A total of 20 papers were included in this study after independent review by two investigators. Our analysis showed that high-fluoride and high-iodine biphasic exposure was significantly associated with the prevalence of goiter (OR = 4.69, 95% CI 2.82–7.80, P < 0.001). The prevalence of dental fluorosis was also significantly raised (OR = 11.71, 95% CI 7.57–18.14, P < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis suggested that combined statistics of multiple studies were reliable. For goiter, subgroup analysis revealed study province, sample size and published year as sources of heterogeneity (P < 0.001). For dental fluorosis, only sample size was the impact factor of heterogeneity. As well, funnel plot, Begg’s test and Egger’s test suggested there was no publication bias (P > 0.05). Overall, our study demonstrates that high-fluoride and high-iodine combined exposure is a risk factor for occurrence of dental fluorosis and goiter. The chronic of high-fluoride and high-iodine combined exposure is a significant higher risk of disease than normal.

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Funding

This research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 82060585) and Yunnan Provincial Education Department Scientific Research Fund (no. 2021Y423).

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  1. Yahao Mou and Tengjiao Qu contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China

    Yahao Mou, Tengjiao Qu, Ruiyu Wang, Yulu Zhang, Zuoshun He & Shiyan Gu

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  1. Yahao Mou
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  2. Tengjiao Qu
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  3. Ruiyu Wang
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  4. Yulu Zhang
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  5. Zuoshun He
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Contributions

YM contributed to the study idea, methodological evaluation and manuscript drafting. TQ made a major contribution to data collection, data analysis and manuscript drafting. RW performed part of the data analysis and drafted the search strategy and inclusion criteria for the study. YZ did other part of the data analysis and explanation, as well as the manuscript revision. ZH and SG designed and edited the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shiyan Gu.

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Data availability

Our data came from the databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database and China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP). So, we used the collected data for the research in this study.

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This article did not contain any studies performed by the authors on human or animal subjects. All participants provided informed consent before joining in the study.

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All authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Mou, Y., Qu, T., Wang, R. et al. The association of high-fluoride and high-iodine combined exposure with dental fluorosis and goiter: a meta-analysis. Environ Geochem Health 45, 3143–3153 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01396-5

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