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Human health risks associated with metals in paddy plant (Oryza sativa) based on target hazard quotient and target cancer risk

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Abstract

Paddy plants (Oryza sativa) contaminated with metals could be detrimental to human health if the concentrations of metals exceed the permissible limit. Thus, this study aims to assess the risk of the concentrations of As, Se, Cu, Cr, Co, and Ni and their distributions in various parts (roots, stems, leaves, and grains) of paddy plants collected from Sekinchan, Malaysia. Both soil and plant samples were digested according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 3050B and the metal concentrations were determined by the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The highest mean translocation factor (TF) was from soil to roots (TF roots/soil ranged from 0.12 to 6.15) and the lowest was from leaves to grain (TF grain/leaves ranged from 0.06 to 0.87). Meanwhile, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for all metals was less than 1.0 indicating that paddy plants only absorb metals from the soil but do not accumulate in the grains. The average daily intake for As (1.15 ± 0.25 µg/kg/day) has exceeded the limit proposed by ATSDR and IRIS USEPA (0.30 µg/kg/day). Target cancer risk (TR) of 1.10 × 10–3 for As through rice consumption indicates that the potential cancer risk exists in one out of 1000 exposed individuals. The results from this study could serve as a reference for researchers and policymakers to monitor and formulate strategies in managing As and other metals in paddy plants, especially in Southeast Asian countries.

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Funding

This study was funded by Putra Grant (GP-IPM/2019/9679100) from Universiti Putra Malaysia. The authors would wish to thank Mr. Allen Lim, Ms. Nasirah binti Aderis @ Idris, Ms. Hadirah Nasuha binti Hassan for their help during sampling activities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Raneesha Navaretnam, Ai Cheng Soong, An Qi Goo, Noorain Mohd Isa, Ahmad Zaharin Aris & Ley Juen Looi

  2. International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

    Noorain Mohd Isa, Ahmad Zaharin Aris & Ley Juen Looi

  3. School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia

    Hazzeman Haris

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  1. Raneesha Navaretnam
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  2. Ai Cheng Soong
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  4. Noorain Mohd Isa
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  7. Ley Juen Looi
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by SAC. The first draft of the manuscript was written by GAQ, while the final draft and additional analysis were conducted by RN. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ley Juen Looi.

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Navaretnam, R., Soong, A.C., Goo, A.Q. et al. Human health risks associated with metals in paddy plant (Oryza sativa) based on target hazard quotient and target cancer risk. Environ Geochem Health 45, 2309–2327 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01344-3

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