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Fate of endosulfan in ginseng farm and effect of granular biochar treatment on endosulfan accumulation in ginseng

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Abstract

Endosulfan was widely used as an insecticide in the agricultural sector before its environmental persistence was fully understood. Although its fate and transport in the environment have been studied, the effects of historic endosulfan residues in soil and its bioaccumulation in crops are not well understood. This knowledge gap was addressed by investigating the dissipation and bioaccumulation of endosulfan in ginseng as a perennial crop in fresh and aged endosulfan-contaminated fields. In addition, the effect of granular biochar (GBC) treatment on the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of endosulfan residue in ginseng was assessed. The 50% dissipation time (DT50) of the total endosulfan was over 770 days in both the fresh and aged soils under mulching conditions. This was at least twofold greater than the reported (6– > 200 days) in arable soil. Among the endosulfan congeners, the main contributor to the soil residue was endosulfan sulfate, as observed from 150 days after treatment. The BAF for the 2-year-old ginseng was similar in the fresh (1.682–2.055) and aged (1.372–2.570) soils, whereas the BAF for the 3-year-old ginseng in the aged soil (1.087–1.137) was lower than that in the fresh soil (1.771–2.387). The treatment with 0.3 wt% GBC extended the DT50 of endosulfan in soil; however, this could successfully suppress endosulfan uptake, and reduced the BAFs by 66.5–67.7% in the freshly contaminated soil and 32.3–41.4% in the aged soil. Thus, this adsorbent treatment could be an effective, financially viable, and sustainable option to protect human health by reducing plant uptake of endosulfan from contaminated soils.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant from "Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development", National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (PJ01381603), Republic of Korea.

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  1. Deuk-Yeong Lee and Geun-Hyoung Choi equally contributed as first author.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institutes of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea

    Deuk-Yeong Lee, Ji-Yeon Bae, Kyeong-Yeol Oh & Jin-Hyo Kim

  2. Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea

    Geun-Hyoung Choi, A-Reum Song & Bo-Yeon Moon

  3. Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumsung, 27709, Republic of Korea

    Young-Suk Bae, Sung-Woo Lee & Sang-Kuk Kim

  4. Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15GD, UK

    David Megson

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  1. Deuk-Yeong Lee
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Contributions

Lee DY and Bae JY performed the field experiment, adsorption experiment and the quantitative analysis; Oh KY, Lee SW, Bae YS, Kim SK, Song AR, Moon BY and Choi GH performed the field experiments; Megson D and Choi GH discussed the results; Kim JH designed and supervised all the experiments and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jin-Hyo Kim.

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Lee, DY., Choi, GH., Bae, YS. et al. Fate of endosulfan in ginseng farm and effect of granular biochar treatment on endosulfan accumulation in ginseng. Environ Geochem Health 44, 3953–3965 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01152-1

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