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Geographical variations in arsenic contents in rice plants from Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula in relation to soil conditions

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Abstract

Arsenic is a ubiquitous, toxic element that is efficiently accumulated by rice plants. This study assessed the spatial variability in the total As (tAs) contents and organic and inorganic forms in different types of rice, plant parts (husk, stem, leaves and phytoliths) and residues. Samples were collected in different countries in Latin America (Ecuador, Brazil and Peru) and the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). The tAs content in commercial polished rice from the Latin American countries was similar (0.130–0.166 mg kg−1) and significantly lower than in the rice from the Iberian countries (0.191 ± 0.066 mg kg−1), and together, the tAs concentration in brown rice (236 ± 0.093 mg kg−1) was significantly higher than in polished and parboiled rice. The inorganic As (iAs) content in rice was similar in both geographical regions, and the aforementioned difference was attributed to dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). The relative abundance of organic species increased as the tAs content in rice grain increased. A meta-analysis of our and previously reported data confirmed the negative correlation between iAs/tAs and tAs. At low tAs concentrations, inorganic forms are dominant, while at higher values (tAs > 0.300 mg kg−1) the concentration of organic As increases substantially and DMA becomes the dominant form in rice grain. On the contrary, inorganic arsenic was always the dominant form, mainly as arsenate [As(V)], in leaves and stems. The presence in soils of high concentrations of amorphous Fe and Al oxides and hydroxides, which are capable of strongly adsorbing oxyanions (i.e. arsenate), was associated with low concentrations of As in rice plants. In addition, the presence of high concentrations of As(V) in stems and leaves, low concentration of As in phytoliths, and the As associated with organic matter in stems and husk, together suggest that rice plants take up more As(V) than As(III).

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Adapted from Masscheleyn et al. (1991)

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Acknowledgements

This study is part of a research project funded by the Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE through Project 2015-PIC-017, Xunta de Galicia-Consellería de Educación, Universidades e Formación Profesional, Plan Galego IDT, Consolidation of competitive research groups (ref. ED31C2018/12), São Paulo Research Foundation—FAPESP (grant number 2018/04259-2), Cross-Research in Environmental Technologies (CRETUS, AGRUP2015/02, ref. 2018-PG100) and project PIJ15-10 financed by Escuela Politécnica Nacional from Quito-Ecuador. TOF thanks the National Council for Scientific and Technology Development (CNPq, process 305996/2018-5). XLOP is grateful for the financial support from the Proyecto PROMETEO (SENESCYT Ecuador). We thank María José Santiso for assistance with laboratory work and Augusto Pérez Alberti and Esther Sierra Abraín for assistance with preparing the figures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    X. L. Otero & O. Atiaga

  2. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y la Construcción, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n, P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Sangolquí, Ecuador

    O. Atiaga & R. Estrella

  3. Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Biotecnología, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador

    W. Tierra & J. Ruales

  4. Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Escola Superior de Agronomia Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil

    L. Zayas, T. O. Ferreira & H. M. Queiroz

  5. Departamento de Agronomia, Área de Solo, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

    V. Souza Jr.

  6. Departamento de Geoquímica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/nº, Campus do Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-14, Brazil

    G. N. Nóbrega

  7. Graduate Course in Ecology and Natural Resources, Department of Biology, Federal University of Ceará – UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

    D. P. Oliveira

  8. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, CERIS, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal

    L. M. Nunes

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  1. X. L. Otero
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Otero, X.L., Atiaga, O., Estrella, R. et al. Geographical variations in arsenic contents in rice plants from Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula in relation to soil conditions. Environ Geochem Health 42, 3351–3372 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00581-8

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