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Exposure to respirable and fine dust particle over North-Central India: chemical characterization, source interpretation, and health risk analysis

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Abstract

This study enhances the understanding of the particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) and their physical and chemical behavior over the Taj Mahal, Agra, in North-Central India. The mass concentration was determined, and the shape and size of the particles and chemical characterizations have been carried out using SEM–EDX. The high level and significant variation of PM10 (162.2 µg m−3) and PM2.5 (83.9 µg m−3) were observed. The exceedance factor of the present study region is in critical and moderate condition. Morphological characterization reveals the particles of different shapes and sizes, while elemental analysis shows the presence of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, K, Cl, Mg, Na, Cu, and Zn. The dominance of Si indicated the contribution of natural sources, i.e., soil over this region. Three significant sources, viz. soil/road paved dust/vegetative emissions, vehicular/industrial emissions, and intermingling of dust and combustion particles, have been identified using principal component analysis over North-Central India. Health risk analysis of particulate matter identified carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic metals in the present study, which comes in contact with human beings during inhalation. The non-carcinogenic risk was much higher than the acceptable level. The high carcinogenic risks were found in Zn in PM10 and Cu in PM2.5 for both children and adults.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Prof. Sahab Dass, Head, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, and Dr. B.B. Rao, Principal, Technical College, D.E.I (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, for providing necessary facilities and kind encouragement. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. M. Shyama Prasad and Mr. Vijay Khedekar, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, for SEM–EDX analysis. The financial assistance from DST (Project Number: SR/FTP/ES-25/2011), Government of India, and ARFI, ISRO-GBP are gratefully acknowledged. Mr. Hazur Saran is appreciated for sampling assistance.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282 005, India

    Pratima Gupta & Ranjit Kumar

  2. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282 005, India

    Mamta Satsangi & Guru Prasad Satsangi

  3. Department of Physics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282 005, India

    Ashok Jangid

  4. Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA

    Yang Liu

  5. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    Shantanu Kumar Pani

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  1. Pratima Gupta
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  2. Mamta Satsangi
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  7. Ranjit Kumar
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Correspondence to Ranjit Kumar.

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Gupta, P., Satsangi, M., Satsangi, G.P. et al. Exposure to respirable and fine dust particle over North-Central India: chemical characterization, source interpretation, and health risk analysis. Environ Geochem Health 42, 2081–2099 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00461-w

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