Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Brains and Brawn: Complex Motor Activities to Maximize Cognitive Enhancement

  • Commentary
  • Published:
Educational Psychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The target articles in this special issue address the timely question of embodied cognition in the classroom, and in particular the potential of this approach to facilitate learning in children. The interest for motor activities within settings that typically give little space to nontraditional content is proof of a shift from a Cartesian dichotomy to a united approach of brain and body, particularly in line with recent advances in neuroscience. In this commentary, I discuss some of the possibilities offered by a blend of cognitive and motor demands in the context of cognitive enhancement. I then present novel empirical evidence and current trends of research that support this approach, and discuss examples of effective cognitive training interventions based on motor activities. Ultimately, the rationale for an early start to a successful and healthy education goes beyond the classroom—the goal is to educate the next generations about the benefits of sustained motor activities across the lifespan.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agostinho, S., Tindall-Ford, S., Ginns, P., Howard, S., Leahy, W., & Paas, F. (2015). Giving learning a helping hand: finger tracing of temperature graphs on an iPad. Educational Psychology Review (this issue).

  • Archer, T., & Kostrzewa, R. M. (2012). Physical exercise alleviates ADHD symptoms: regional deficits and development trajectory. Neurotoxicity Research, 21(2), 195–209. doi:10.1007/s12640-011-9260-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bossaer, J. B., Gray, J. A., Miller, S. E., Enck, G., Gaddipati, V. C., & Enck, R. E. (2013). The use and misuse of prescription stimulants as “cognitive enhancers” by students at one academic health sciences center. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 88(7), 967–971. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e318294fc7b.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge, S. A., Dudukovic, N. M., Thomason, M. E., Vaidya, C. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Immature frontal lobe contributions to cognitive control in children. Neuron, 33(2), 301–311. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00583-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colcombe, S., & Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychological Science, 14(2), 125–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curlik, D. M., & Shors, T. J. (2013). Training your brain: do mental and physical (MAP) training enhance cognition through the process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus? Neuropharmacology, 64, 506–514. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 627–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959–964. doi:10.1126/science.1204529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, P., Striegel, H., Franke, A. G., Lieb, K., Simon, P., & Ulrich, R. (2013). Randomized response estimates for the 12-month prevalence of cognitive-enhancing drug use in university students. Pharmacotherapy, 33(1), 44–50. doi:10.1002/phar.1166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimond, S. J., & Brouwers, E. Y. M. (1976). Increase in the power of human memory in normal man through the use of drugs. Psychopharmacology, 49(3), 307–309. doi:10.1007/BF00426834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U., & May, A. (2004). Neuroplasticity: changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427(6972), 311–312. doi:10.1038/427311a.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egan, M. F., Kojima, M., Callicott, J. H., Goldberg, T. E., Kolachana, B. S., Bertolino, A., & Weinberger, D. R. (2003). The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell, 112(2), 257–269. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00035-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999). Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: a latent-variable approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128(3), 309–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(7), 3017–3022. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franceschini, S., Gori, S., Ruffino, M., Viola, S., Molteni, M., & Facoetti, A. (2013). Action video games make dyslexic children read better. Current Biology, 23(6), 462–466. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ganley, K. J., Paterno, M. V., Miles, C., Stout, J., Brawner, L., Girolami, G., & Warren, M. (2011). Health-related fitness in children and adolescents. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 23(3), 208–220. doi:10.1097/PEP.0b013e318227b3fc.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez-Pinilla, F. (2008). Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(7), 568–578. doi:10.1038/nrn2421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goran, M. I., & Treuth, M. S. (2001). Energy expenditure, physical activity, and obesity in children. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48(4), 931–953.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, E., Beylin, A., Tanapat, P., Reeves, A., & Shors, T. J. (1999). Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation. Nature Neuroscience, 2(3), 260–265. doi:10.1038/6365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, C. T., Long, D. L., Green, D., Iosif, A.-M., Dixon, J. F., Miller, M. R., & Schweitzer, J. B. (2012). Will working memory training generalize to improve off-task behavior in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Neurotherapeutics : The Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 9(3), 639–648. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0124-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, M., & Waller, D. A. (2005). Individual differences in spatial abilities. In P. Shah & A. Miyake (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking (pp. 121–169). Cambridge University Press.

  • Hillman, C. H., Erickson, K. I., & Kramer, A. F. (2008). Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(1), 58–65. doi:10.1038/nrn2298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kempermann, G., Kuhn, H. G., & Gage, F. H. (1997). Genetic influence on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94(19), 10409–10414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, B., & Gibb, R. (2011). Brain plasticity and behaviour in the developing brain. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(4), 265–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu-Ambrose, T., Nagamatsu, L. S., Voss, M. W., Khan, K. M., & Handy, T. C. (2012). Resistance training and functional plasticity of the aging brain: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Neurobiology of Aging, 33(8), 1690–1698. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.05.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mavilidi, M. F., Okely, A. D., Chandler, P., Cliff, D. P., & Paas, F. (2015). Effects of integrated physical exercises and gestures on preschool children’s foreign language vocabulary learning. Educational Psychology Review (this issue).

  • Moreau, D. (2014a). Can brain training boost cognition? Nature, 515, 492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreau, D. (2014b). Making sense of discrepancies in working memory training experiments: a Monte Carlo simulation. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, 161. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreau, D., & Conway, A. R. A. (2013). Cognitive enhancement: a comparative review of computerized and athletic training programs. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 155–183. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2012.758763.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreau, D., & Conway, A. R. A. (2014). The case for an ecological approach to cognitive training. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(7), 334–336. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.03.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreau, D., Morrison, A. B., & Conway, A. R. A. (2015). An ecological approach to cognitive enhancement: complex motor training. Acta Psychologica, 157, 44–55. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.02.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paluska, S. A., & Schwenk, T. L. (2000). Physical activity and mental health. Sports Medicine, 29(3), 167–180. doi:10.2165/00007256-200029030-00003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005). Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18(2), 189–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rafsanjani, N. (2011). In Manhattan, preschool interviews induce anxiety. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2011/08/12/139558080/in-manhattan-preschool-interviews-induce-anxiety.

  • Ragan, C. I., Bard, I., & Singh, I. (2013). What should we do about student use of cognitive enhancers? An analysis of current evidence. Neuropharmacology, 64, 588–595. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiter, M., Loyens, S., & Paas, F. (2015). Watch your step children! Learning two-digit numbers through mirror-based observation of self-initiated body movements. Educational Psychology Review (this issue).

  • Sarver, D. E., Rapport, M. D., Kofler, M. J., Raiker, J. S., & Friedman, L. M. (2015). Hyperactivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): impairing deficit or compensatory behavior? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0011-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shors, T. J., Anderson, M. L., Curlik, D. M., & Nokia, M. S. (2012). Use it or lose it: how neurogenesis keeps the brain fit for learning. Behavioural Brain Research, 227(2), 450–458. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staiano, A. E., & Calvert, S. L. (2011). Exergames for physical education courses: physical, social, and cognitive benefits. Child Development Perspectives, 5(2), 93–98. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00162.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, N. J., Frenette, E. C., Rene, K. M., Brennan, R. T., & Perrin, E. C. (2014). Neurofeedback and cognitive attention training for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in schools. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 35(1), 18–27. doi:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strong, W. B., Malina, R. M., Blimkie, C. J. R., Daniels, S. R., Dishman, R. K., Gutin, B., & Trudeau, F. (2005). Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. The Journal of Pediatrics, 146(6), 732–737. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.01.055.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tapia-Arancibia, L., Aliaga, E., Silhol, M., & Arancibia, S. (2008). New insights into brain BDNF function in normal aging and Alzheimer disease. Brain Research Reviews, 59(1), 201–220. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.07.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomasi, D., Wang, G.-J., & Volkow, N. D. (2013). Energetic cost of brain functional connectivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(33), 13642–13647. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303346110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomporowski, P. D., Davis, C. L., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2008). Exercise and children’s intelligence, cognition, and academic achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 20(2), 111–131. doi:10.1007/s10648-007-9057-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomporowski, P. D., Lambourne, K., & Okumura, M. S. (2011). Physical activity interventions and children’s mental function: an introduction and overview. Preventive Medicine, 52(Suppl 1), S3–S9. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.028.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toumpaniari, K., Loyens, S., Mavilidi, M. F., & Paas, F. (2015). Preschool children's foreign-language vocabulary learning by embodying words through physical activity and gesturing. Educational Psychology Review (this issue).

  • Vallerand, R. J., Fortier, M. S., & Guay, F. (1997). Self-determination and persistence in a real-life setting: toward a motivational model of high school dropout. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(5), 1161–1176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Praag, H., Kempermann, G., & Gage, F. H. (1999). Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nature Neuroscience, 2(3), 266–270. doi:10.1038/6368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Gudmundsdottir, B. G., Zavras, B. M., Turcotte, K. D., Munro, B. A., & Amoroso, A. J. (2013). Misuse of prescription stimulants among college students: a review of the literature and implications for morphological and cognitive effects on brain functioning. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21(5), 385–407. doi:10.1037/a0034013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesmann, M., & Ishai, A. (2011). Expertise reduces neural cost but does not modulate repetition suppression. Cognitive Neuroscience, 2(1), 57–65. doi:10.1080/17588928.2010.525628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David Moreau.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Moreau, D. Brains and Brawn: Complex Motor Activities to Maximize Cognitive Enhancement. Educ Psychol Rev 27, 475–482 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9323-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9323-5

Keywords

Navigation