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Salinization depresses soil enzyme activity in metal-polluted soils through increases in metal mobilization and decreases in microbial biomass

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Abstract

Salinity may increase metal mobilization with a potentially significant consequence for soil enzymatic activity and nutrient cycling. The goal of this study was to investigate changes in soil enzyme activity in response to salinization of a clay loam soil artificially polluted with cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) during a 120-day incubation experiment. Soil samples were polluted with Cd (10 mg Cd kg−1), Pb (150 mg Pb kg−1), and a combination of Cd and Pb, then preincubated for aging and eventually salinized with three levels of NaCl solution (control, low and high). NaCl salinity consistently increased the mobilization of Cd (12–22%) and Pb (5–16%) with greater increases at high (17–22% for Cd, 9–16% for Pb) than low (12% for Cd, 5–7% for Pb) salinity levels. While the increased Cd mobilization was greater in co-polluted (22%) than Cd-polluted (17%) soils, the increase of Pb mobilization was lower in co-polluted (9%) than Pb-polluted (16%) soils at high salinity level. The salinity-induced increases in metal mobilization significantly depressed soil microbial respiration (up to 43%), microbial biomass content (up to 63%), and enzymatic activities (up to 87%). The multivariate analysis further supported that the increased soil electrical conductivity, Cd mobilization, and pH after salinization were the most important factors governing microbial activity and biomass in metal-polluted soils. Results showed that changes in microbial biomass and mobile metal pool with increasing salinity had a major effect on enzyme activities, particularly under the combined metals. This study indicated that the secondary salinization of metal-polluted soils would impose an additional stress on enzymatic activities as biochemical indicators of soil quality, and therefore should be avoided for the maintenance of soil microbial and biochemical functions, especially in arid regions. In metal-polluted soils, the observed responses of extracellular and intracellular enzymes to salinity can be used to advance our knowledge of microbial processes when modeling the carbon and nutrient cycling.

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Acknowledgements

Shahrekord University provided the financial support for this study (Grant/Award Number: 98GRD30M1932). The authors thank three anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript.

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Shahrekord University, Grant/Award Number: 98GRD30M1932

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  1. Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box 115, Shahrekord, Iran

    Nahid Azadi & Fayez Raiesi

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Correspondence to Fayez Raiesi.

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Azadi, N., Raiesi, F. Salinization depresses soil enzyme activity in metal-polluted soils through increases in metal mobilization and decreases in microbial biomass. Ecotoxicology 30, 1071–1083 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-021-02433-2

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