Abstract
The environmental exposure to As, Se, Hg, Pb, Cr and toxaphene was assessed for 11 freshwater fish species in irrigation channels, agricultural return flow drains, a drain collecting lagoon and sections of the Colorado River at the Mexicali valley in Baja California, México, during August 2015–April 2016. Arsenic (2.90 ng ml−1) and Se (1.41 ng ml−1) in water had the highest concentrations in the return flow drains (Hardy River and Xochimilco Lagoon, respectively). However, fish axial muscle tissue had the highest concentration of Se (8.3 µg g−1) and Hg (0.36 µg g−1) in Colorado River fresh water, while As (1.7 µg g−1) in Hardy River fish was highest. Selenium concentrations in all fishes and toxaphene in Cyprinus carpio and Ameiurus natalis are above the safe levels for human consumption (0.3 µg g−1 and 180 ng g−1 respectively). Toxaphene was detected in the fish axial tissue, having the highest concentrations in Poecilia latipinna (690 ng g−1) in the Colorado River. The low proportion of the 8-Cl toxaphene congeners in fish suggests degradation of this pollutant. Tilapia. sp. cf. zillii had the most genotoxic damage with 7.4 micronucleated erythrocytes per 10,000 erythrocytes in Xochimilco Lagoon and 2 in Hardy River. The genotoxicity in all the fish species studied was significantly correlated to the concentrations of As and Se in water.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Mexican Directorate for Wildlife (Dirección General de Vida Silvestre) for fish sampling permit SGPA/DGVS 09605/12 to GRC. The Mexican Council for Science and Technology CONACYT for granting a Ph.D. scholarship to MFG (368374).). Exotic Species Network of México (UANL-UABC-UMar) provided economic funds for this study. To K. Juárez (UNAM) for fluorescence microscopy training, L. Lares (CICESE) for allowing access to freeze-dry the fish tissue samples, T. Kretzschmar and E. Iñiguez (CeMIE-Geo/CICESE) for part of the water analyses, the group of the organic pollutants laboratory (IIO-UABC) for their support in extraction, analysis and interpretation of toxaphene. LWD acknowledges support by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation while contributing to this paper at FAU.
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All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. Fish sampling was approved by Mexican Directorate for Wildlife (permit: SGPA/DGVS 09605/12).
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Flores-Galván, M.A., Daesslé, L.W., Arellano-García, E. et al. Genotoxicity in fishes environmentally exposed to As, Se, Hg, Pb, Cr and toxaphene in the lower Colorado River basin, at Mexicali valley, Baja California, México. Ecotoxicology 29, 493–502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02200-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02200-9