Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Quantifying the Ancillary Benefits of the Representative Concentration Pathways on Air Quality in Europe

  • Published:
Environmental and Resource Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents economic benefit estimates of air quality improvements in Europe that occur as a side effect of GHG emission reductions. We consider two climate policy scenarios from two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), in which radiative forcing levels are reached in 2100. The policy tool is a global uniform tax on all GHG emissions in the integrated assessment model WITCH. The resulting consumption patterns of fossil fuels are used to estimate the physical impacts and the economic benefits of pollution reductions on human health and on key assets by implementing the most advanced version of the ExternE methodology with its impact pathway analysis. The mitigation scenario compatible with \(+2\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) (RCP 2.6) reduces total pollution costs in Europe by 84 %. Discounted cumulative ancillary benefits are equal to about €1.7 trillion between 2015 and 2100, or €17 per abated tonne of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) in Europe. The less strict climate policy scenario (RCP 4.5) generates benefits equal to €15.5 per abated tonne of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\). Without discounting, the ancillary benefits are equal to €46 (RCP 2.6) and €51 (RCP 4.5) per tonne of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) abated. For both scenarios, the local benefits per tonne of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) decline over time and vary significantly across countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. For a survey see Chapter 15 of the Fifth Assessment Report of Working Group III to the IPCC (Somanathan et al. 2014).

  2. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Third Assessment Report) distinguishes between ancillary benefits and co-benefits (IPCC 2001). Ancillary benefits are related to policies or measures that are targeted entirely on climate change mitigation, while co-benefits are referred to when policies or measures are designed for more than one target (Dudek et al. 2003). We consider aggregated ancillary benefits in this report.

  3. See, for instance, Bell et al. (2008) that discusses the methodological aspects in quantification of ancillary benefits.

  4. Davis et al. (2000) and then OECD (2002) report the ancillary benefits per tonne of carbon in 1996 US$. We use OECD CPI and purchasing power parity and express the benefits in 2005 Euro per tonne of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\). Following same approach, we recalculated the 2008 USD from Nemet et al. (2010) and the 2010 USD from Parry et al. (2014) in 2005 Euro.

  5. For the purposes of this work, the European Union is given by the sum of WEURO (Western Europe) and EEURO (Eastern Europe), although this is not rigorously correct due to the presence of the EFTA countries in the EU.

  6. A cooperative solution, where one global social planner jointly maximizes a social welfare function can also be implemented but was not used to generate the scenarios used in this study.

  7. The European Commission in collaboration with the US Department of Energy launched a joint research projects to assess the energy-related externalities in 1991 (European Commission 1995; ORNL and RFF 1995). Following a detailed bottom-up methodology relying on impact pathway approach, the EU/US studies provided estimates of marginal external costs of electricity production from a wide range of energy technologies at various locations. The EC provided additional funding over the years to improve the ExternE accounting framework and to expand it to new EU member states and to other non-EU countries. The ExternE IPA framework that we use has been recently updated within the NEEDS project (http://www.needs-project.org/). For more information on ExternE see http://www.externe.info. Weinzettel et al. (2012) apply the ExternE method to quantify production and consumption related externalities of power sector in Europe.

  8. An internet accessible version of EcoSense (EcoSenseWeb1.3) was developed within the NEEDS project (Preiss and Klotz 2008).

  9. http://ecosenseweb.ier.uni-stuttgart.de/.

  10. EcoSense uses three models of air quality: (1) the Industrial Source Complex Model for transport of primary air pollutants on a local scale delaminated by 100\(\times \)100 km around the power plant, (2) the EMEP/MSC-West Eulerian dispersion model for modelling transport and chemical transformation of primary pollutants on a regional scale covering all Europe, and (3) the N-hemispheric model which served for estimation of the intercontinental influence primary and secondary pollutants (secondary inorganic aerosols, tropospheric ozone).

  11. The recommended value of so called chronic VOLY is based on the mean estimate of the willingness to pay for changing life expectancy by 2 months using data from a pooled sample of nine European countries. Data is adjusted using a simple benefit transfer technique to correct for the differences in income and population in EU Member States. Monetary values for work loss day, medical costs, or the willingness to pay to avoid illnesses also reflect EU-wide averages.

  12. The costs were estimated using several runs of the EcoSenseWeb tool with the EMEP/MSC-West Eulerian pollution dispersion model.

  13. Primary energy use in country j equals to (\(\textit{EN}_{f}sh_{j})\), where \(\textit{EN}_{f}\) denotes primary energy use for electricity generation in one of the two European regions from WITCH and \(sh_{j}\) indicates the share of country j on use of fuel f, in the base year 2005.

  14. Carbon capture and sequestration is an end-of-pipe technology for GHG emission reductions.

  15. A new version of the model with local pollutants and other non-GHG emissions was under preparation while this article was written.

  16. To analyse the distribution of the impacts, country-specific damage factors and external costs are derived for 28 countries. We have data on the EU28 countries, with the exceptions of Malta and Croatia. We include also Norway and Switzerland.

  17. The OECD (2012b) review finds that the income elasticity of the VSL is in the range of 0.7 and 0.9 in most of the regressions that use screening criteria. In other studies this range is substantially lower—about 0.3–0.4. In most studies the income elasticity of the VSL ranges between 0 and 1 and the income elasticity of WTP around unity may be justified for the transfers between countries with heterogeneous income (2010).

  18. The WITCH model provides results in 2005 USD, while the pollution costs in the ExternE are expressed in 2000 €.

  19. In WITCH the pure rate of time preference declines over time. It starts at 3  % p.a. in 2005 and declines to about 2 % p.a. in 2100. The interest rate of the economy declines over time following the Euler equation. The model is calibrated so that developed regions have an interest rate equal to about 5 % per year in 2005 while developing regions have an interest rate equal to 7 % per year in 2005.

  20. Experiments show that a trivially small carbon price can achieve the 6.0 \(\hbox {W}/\hbox {m}^{2}\) forcing level in 2100.

  21. The Reference scenario is thus characterized by: (1) slowly decreasing fossil fuel dependency, (2) reductions of resource and energy intensity, (3) uneven development of low-income countries, (4) weak global institutions, (5) slow continuation of globalization, with some barriers remaining, (6) well regulated information flow, (7) medium economic growth, slow convergence, (8) high intra-regional disparities, (9) medium population growth related to medium educational investments, (10) delay of achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

  22. The two carbon tax trajectories are consistent with the radiative forcing targets. They are not necessarily socially optimal taxes because they are obtained solving the model in the cost-effectiveness mode.

  23. These temperature levels have been calculated with the climate model MAGICC 6.4, integrated in the WITCH model.

  24. In order to test the effect of a less flexible technological setup on local pollution Ščasný et al. (2015) also used three scenarios in which technological adaptation in the RCP4.5 is limited (see Massetti et al. 2014; Leimbach et al. 2014). Specifically, they considered scenarios with limited energy efficiency (LA-EE), limited renewable energy (LA-REN), and limited supply and trade of biomass (LA-BIO). Due to limited technology adaptation, the level of the carbon tax is 10 % higher in LA-BIO and by 31 % higher in LA-EE in 2100, but it is almost identical in LA-REN, compared to the tax rate under the RCP4.5 scenario with full adaptation. Overall, the effect on GDP and ancillary benefits does not differ much.

  25. The average benefits are in this case computed as the ratio of total ancillary benefits cumulated over 2015–2100 and total \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\)eq abated over the whole period.

  26. Total cost of electricity generation includes all costs associated with this process, including investments, and operation and maintenance, but excluding input fuel costs and externalities such as carbon taxes.

  27. Specifically, we derive total pollution costs that are associated with impacts (1) in the country i, (2) in other European countries \(j\, (j \ne i)\), and (3) in the rest of Europe that are all three due to emissions released by country i. For the country i, the pollution costs due to domestic pollution is measured by (1), while the rest is the exported to other European countries (2) or to the rest of the world (3).

  28. In some cases climate and local pollution have a multiplicative effect. For example ozone formation depends on the joint combination of local pollutants and particular climatic conditions. However, these are special cases that require special treatment. It is safe to assume that short-term climatic conditions are not affected by the carbon tax and that long-term ozone formation is not affected by the present level concentrations of local pollutants. The same reasoning applies to environmental regulation that aims to curb local pollutants.

References

  • Aaheim HA, Aunan K, Seip HM (1997) Social benefits of energy conservation in Hungary: an examination of alternative methods of evaluation. In: CICERO Center for International Climate and Environmental Research, Oslo

  • Abt Associates and Pechan-Avanti Group (1999) Co-control benefits of greenhouse gas control policies. Prepared for Office of Policy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Contract No. 68-W4-0029, http://www.epa.gov

  • Acemoglu D, Aghion P, Bursztyn L, Hemous D (2012) The environment and directed technical change. Am Econ Rev 102(1):131–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alcamo J, Mayerhofer P, Guardans R et al (2002) An integrated assessment of regional air pollution and climate change in Europe: findings of the AIR-CLIM Project. Environ Sci Policy 5:257–272. doi:10.1016/S1462-9011(02)00037-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aunan K, Aaheim HA, Seip HM (2000) Reduced damage to health and environment from energy saving in Hungary. Ancillary benefits and costs of greenhouse gas mitigation, pp 397–411

  • Barker T, Rosendahl KE (2000) Ancillary benefits of GHG mitigation in Europe: SO2, NOx and PM10 reductions from policies to meet Kyoto targets using the E3ME model and Externe valuations. In: OECD ancillary benefits and costs of greenhouse gas mitigation, proceedings of an expert workshop, Paris, pp 413–450

  • Barrett S, Stavins R (2003) Increasing participation and compliance in international climate change agreements. Int Environ Agreem 3:349–376. doi:10.1023/B:INEA.0000005767.67689.28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer N, Bowen A, Brunner S, Edenhofer O, Flachsland C, Jakob M, Stern N (2009) Towards a GlobalGreen recovery. Recommendations for immediate G20 action. Report submitted to the G20 London Summit, 2 April 2009

  • Bell ML, Davis DL, Cifuentes LA et al (2008) Ancillary human health benefits of improved air quality resulting from climate change mitigation. Environ Health 7:41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bollen J, van der Zwaan B, Brink C, Eerens H (2009) Local air pollution and global climate change: a combined cost-benefit analysis. Resour Energy Econ 31(3):161–181. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2009.03.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosetti V, Carraro C, Galeotti M, Massetti E, Tavoni M (2006) WITCH—a world induced technical change hybrid model. Energy J 27(Special Issue 2):13–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosetti V, Massetti E, Tavoni M (2007) The WITCH model. Structure, baseline, solutions. FEEM Nota di Lavoro No. 10.2007

  • Bosetti V, Tavoni M, De Cian E, Sgobbi A (2009) The 2008 WITCH model: new model features and baseline. Sustainable development, Nota di lavoro//Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei

  • Bosetti V, Carraro C, De Cian E, Massetti E, Tavoni M (2013) Incentives and stability of international climate coalitions: an integrated assessment. Energy Policy 55:44–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bovenberg AL (1999) Green tax reforms and the double dividend: an updated reader’s guide. Int Tax Public Financ 6(3):421–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd R, Krutilla K, Viscusi WK (1995) Energy taxation as a policy instrument to reduce \(\text{ CO }_{2}\) emissions: a net benefit analysis. J Environ Econ Manag 29(1):1–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brendemoen A, Vennemo H (1994) A climate treaty and the Norwegian economy: a CGE assessment. Energy J 15(1):77–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burtraw D, Krupnick A, Palmer K, Paul A, Toman M, Bloyd C (1999) Side effects of reduced air pollution in the US from moderate greenhouse gas mitigation policies in the electricity sector. Resources for the future discussion Paper 99–51 (REV). Resources for the Future, Washington, DC

  • Burtraw D, Krupnick A, Palmer K et al (2003) Ancillary benefits of reduced air pollution in the US from moderate greenhouse gas mitigation policies in the electricity sector. J Environ Econ Manag 45:650–673. doi:10.1016/S0095-0696(02)00022-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burtraw D, Linn J, Palmer K, Paul A (2014) The costs and consequences of clean air act regulation of \(\text{ CO }_{2}\) from power plants. Am Econ Rev Pap Proc 104(5):557–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carraro C, Galeotti M, Gallo M (1996) Environmental taxation and unemployment: some evidence on the “double dividend hypothesis” in Europe. J Public Econ 62(1):141–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cifuentes LA, Sauma E, Jorquera H, Soto F (2000) Preliminary estimation of the potential ancillary benefits for Chile. In: OECD ancillary benefits and costs of greenhouse gas mitigation, proceedings of an expert workshop, Paris, pp 237–262

  • Czajkowski M, Ščasný M (2010) Study on benefit transfer in an international setting. How to improve welfare estimates in the case of the countries’ income heterogeneity? Ecol Econ 69(12):2409–2416. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.07.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis DL, Krupnick A, McGlynn G (2000) Ancillary benefits and costs of greenhouse gas mitigation. In: OECD ancillary benefits and costs of greenhouse gas mitigation, proceedings of an Expert Workshop, Paris, pp 9–49

  • Desaigues B, Ami D, Bartczak A et al (2011) Economic valuation of air pollution mortality: a 9-country contingent valuation survey of value of a life year (VOLY). Ecol Indic 11:902–910. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.12.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dessus S, O’Connor D (1999) Climate policy without tears. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dudek D, Golub A, Strukova E (2003) Ancillary benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in transitional economies. World Dev 31(10):1759–1769. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00139-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebi KL, Hallegatte S, Kram T et al (2014) A new scenario framework for climate change research: background, process, and future directions. Clim Change 122:363–372. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0912-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EMEP/EEA (2013) 1.A.1 combustion in energy and transformation industries. EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook—2013—European Environment Agency (EEA)

  • ESPREME (2007) Integrated assessment of heavy metal releases in Europe, exposure response functions, Searl, A. “Workpackage 6 – D05a, Exposure response functions for HM impacts on human health”, 2004. http://espreme.ier.uni-stuttgart.de/

  • European Commission (1995) Externalities of energy: volume 1: summary; volume 2: methodology; volume 3: coal and lignite; volume 4: oil and gas; volume 5: nuclear; volume 6: wind and hydro fuel cycles. European Commission, Directorate-General XII. Science, Research and Development

  • European Commission (2005) ExternE—externalities of energy. Methodology (2005) update. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg

  • Fantke P (2008) Parameterisation of the environmental fate and exposure assessment of WATSON. Arbeitsbericht Nr. 5, Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung, Stuttgart. https://administration.ier.uni-stuttgart.de/publications/display/207/de

  • Garbaccio RF, Ho MS, Jorgenson DW (2000) The health benefits of controlling carbon emissions in China. In: OECD ancillary benefits and costs of greenhouse gas mitigation, proceedings of an expert workshop, Paris, pp 343–376

  • Glomsrød S, Vennemo H, Johnsen T (1992) Stabilization of emissions of \(\text{ CO }_{2}\): a computable general equilibrium assessment. Scand J Econ 94:53–69. doi:10.2307/3440468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goulder LH (1995) Environmental taxation and the double dividend: a reader’s guide. Int Tax Public Financ 2(2):157–183. doi:10.1007/BF00877495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groosman B, Muller NZ, O’Neill-Toy E (2011) The ancillary benefits from climate policy in the United States. Environ Resour Econ 50(4):585–603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammitt JK (2007) Valuing changes in mortality risk: lives saved versus life years saved. Rev Environ Econ Policy 1(2):228–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heine D, Norregaard J, Parry I (2012) Environmental tax reform: principles from theory and practice to date. IMF Working Paper WP/12/180

  • Holland M, Amann M, Heyes C et al (2011) The reduction in air quality impacts and associated economic benefits of mitigation policy: summary of results from the EC RTD climate cost project. Technical policy briefing note series. Stockholm Environment Institute, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2001) Climate change 2001: synthesis report. A contribution of working groups I, II, and III to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. In: Watson RT, and the Core Writing Team (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 398pp

  • Kiuila O, Markandya A, Šcasný M, Menkyna Tsuchimoto F (2014) The economic and environmental effects of taxing air pollutants and CO2: lessons from a study of the Czech Republic. MPRA Paper 66599, University Library of Munich, Germany. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/66599/1/MPRA_paper_66599.pdf

  • Laboratory Oak Ridge National (ORNL), Resources for the Future (RFF) (1995) External costs and benefits of fuel cycles (reports 2–8). McGraw-Hill Utility Data Institute, Washington, pp 1994–1998

    Google Scholar 

  • Leimbach M, Massetti E, Bosello F et al (2014) Global challenges with limited adaptation. GLOBAL IQ Deliverable 4:1

  • Máca V, Melichar J, Ščasný M (2012) Internalization of external costs of energy generation in central and eastern European countries. J Environ Dev 21(2):181–197. doi:10.1177/1070496512442504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markandya A, Armstrong BG, Hales S et al (2009) Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: low-carbon electricity generation. Lancet 374:2006–2015. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61715-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massetti E, Bosello F, Carrara S et al (2014) Scenarios of global challenges with full adaptation. GLOBAL-IQ Deliverable 5:1

  • Meyer B (1998) Modellierung der Nachhaltigkeitslücke: eine umweltökonometrische Analyse; mit 38 Tabellen. Physica-Verlag

  • Morgenstern RD (2000) Baseline issues in the estimation of the ancillary benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation policies. In: OECD ancillary benefits and costs of greenhouse gas mitigation, pp 95–122

  • Muller NZ, Mendelsohn RO (2007) Measuring the damages of air pollution in the United States. J Environ Econ Manag 54(1):1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller NZ, Mendelsohn RO (2009) Efficient pollution regulation: getting the prices right. Am Econ Rev 99(5):1714–1739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller NZ, Mendelsohn RO, Nordhaus WD (2011) Environmental accounting for pollution in the United States economy. Am Econ Rev 101(5):1649–1675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nam KM, Waugh CJ, Paltsev S et al (2013) Carbon co-benefits of tighter SO2 and NOx regulations in China. Global Environ Change 23(6):1648–1661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nemet GF, Holloway T, Meier P (2010) Implications of incorporating air-quality co-benefits into climate change policymaking. Environ Res Lett 5(1):014007. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/014007

  • Nordhaus W (2014) Estimates of the social cost of carbon: concepts and results from the DICE-2013R model and alternative approaches. J Assoc Environ Resour Econ 1(1/2):273–312

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2002) Ancillary benefits and costs of GHG mitigation: policy conclusions. Working party on global and structural policies—ENV/EPOC/GSP(2001)13/FINAL. OECD, Paris

  • OECD (2012a) The jobs potential of a shift towards a low-carbon economy. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2012b) Mortality risk valuation in environment health and transport policies. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2014) The cost of air pollution: health impacts of road transport. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Paltsev S, Reilly JM, Jacoby HD, et al (2005) The MIT emissions prediction and policy analysis (EPPA) model: version 4. MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change

  • Parry I (2014) Carbon pricing: good for you, good for the planet. iMFdirect—The International Monetary Fund’s global economy forum

  • Parry I, Veung C, Heine D (2014) How much carbon pricing is in countries’ own interests? The critical role of co-benefits. Social Science Research Network, Rochester

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce D (1991) The role of carbon taxes in adjusting to global warming. Econ J 101(407):938–948

  • Preiss P, Klotz VE (2008) V1. 3: user’s manual & “description of updated and extended draft tools for the detailed site-dependent assessment of external costs.” Institute of Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy, University of Stuttgart 63, Stuttgart

  • Rabl A, Spadaro JV, Holland M (2014) How much is clean air worth? Calculating the benefits of pollution control. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Rečka L, Ščasný M (2013) Environmental regulation impacts on the Czech power system by the dynamic linear optimisation model message. Politická ekonomie 2013:248–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riekkola AK, Ahlgren EO, Söderholm P (2011) Ancillary benefits of climate policy in a small open economy: the case of Sweden. Energ Policy 39:4985–4998. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ščasný M, Massetti E, Melichar J, Carrara S (2015) Quantifying the ancillary benefits of the representative concentration pathways on air quality in Europe. Nota di Lavoro 84.2015. Milan, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei

  • Ščasný M, Rečka L, Balajka J (2012) What is effect of climate change mitigating policies on energy sector in Slovakia? MPRA paper 66606, University Library of Munich, Germany. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/66606/1/MPRA_paper_66606.pdf

  • Scheraga JD, Leary NA (1993) Costs and side benefits of using energy taxes to mitigate global climate change. In: Proceedings of the annual conference on taxation held under the auspices of the National Tax Association-Tax Institute of America. National Tax Association-Tax Institute of America, pp 133–138

  • Somanathan E, Sterner T, Sugiyama T et al (2014) National and sub-national policies and institutions. Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

  • Spadaro JV, Rabl A (2007) Global health impacts and costs due to mercury emissions. Risk Anal 28:603–613. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01041.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spadaro JV, Rabl A (2008) Estimating the uncertainty of damage costs of pollution: a simple transparent method and typical results. Environ Impact Assess 28(2–3):166–183. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2007.04.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK et al (2013) IPCC, 2013: summary for policymakers. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

  • Syri S, Amann M, Capros P et al (2001) Low-\(\text{ CO }_{2}\) energy pathways and regional air pollution in Europe. Energy Policy 29:871–884. doi:10.1016/S0301-4215(01)00022-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Harmelen T, Bakker J, de Vries B et al (2002) Long-term reductions in costs of controlling regional air pollution in Europe due to climate policy. Environ Sci Policy 5:349–365. doi:10.1016/S1462-9011(02)00043-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Vuuren DP, Cofala J, Eerens HE et al (2006) Exploring the ancillary benefits of the Kyoto protocol for air pollution in Europe. Energy Policy 34:444–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Vuuren DP, Edmonds J, Kainuma M et al (2011) The representative concentration pathways: an overview. Clim Change 109:5–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Vuuren DP, Kriegler E, O’Neill BC et al (2014) A new scenario framework for climate change research: scenario matrix architecture. Clim Change 122:373–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinzettel J, Havránek M, Ščasný M (2012) A consumption-based indicator of the external costs of electricity. Ecol Indic 17:68–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West JJ, Smith SJ, Silva RA et al (2013) Co-Benefits of Mitigating Global Greenhouse gas Emissions for Future Air Quality and Human Health. Nat Clim Change 3:885–889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO Regional Office for Europe, OECD (2015) Economic Cost of the health impact of air pollution in Europe: Clean air, health and wealth. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under the grant agreement \(\hbox {n}^{\circ }\) 266992 GLOBAL-IQ “Impacts Quantification of Global changes”. The preparation for the manuscript received support from project ECOCEP (Economic Modelling for Climate-Energy Policy) funded by the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IRSES, Grant Agreement No. 609642. This support is gratefully acknowledged. The authors are grateful to Thomas Sterner and to an anonymous referee for providing valuable comments and suggestions during the preparation of this paper. We would also like to thank Laura Henderson Macháčková and Alicia Berrios for proofreading this article. Responsibility for any errors remains with the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environment Center, Charles University in Prague, Jose Martiho 2, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic

    Milan Ščasný & Jan Melichar

  2. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Emanuele Massetti

  3. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milan, Italy

    Emanuele Massetti & Samuel Carrara

Authors
  1. Milan Ščasný
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Emanuele Massetti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jan Melichar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Samuel Carrara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Milan Ščasný.

Appendix

Appendix

See Tables 9, 10 and 11 and Fig. 5.

Table 9 Emission factors for source category 1.A.1—public electricity and heat production
Full size table
Table 10 Review of ancillary benefits per tonne of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\), in €2005
Full size table
Table 11 Country’s contribution to generation of ancillary benefits and where these benefits appear, present (discounted) value cumulated over 2015–2100 for RCP2.6
Full size table
Fig. 5
figure 5

The electricity generation mix in the EU

Full size image

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ščasný, M., Massetti, E., Melichar, J. et al. Quantifying the Ancillary Benefits of the Representative Concentration Pathways on Air Quality in Europe. Environ Resource Econ 62, 383–415 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-015-9969-y

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-015-9969-y

Keywords

JEL Classification

Search

Navigation