Abstract
Child maltreatment is associated with detrimental developmental effects. In view of the fact that child maltreatment typically occurs within the context of a caretaking relationship, attachment theory can give us insight into the nature of difficulties experienced by survivors. Therapeutic preschool has been found effective in addressing developmental problems in abused children. This study examines the effectiveness of an attachment-based therapeutic preschool for maltreated children. Means tests indicate that, at the time of discharge, the children being served had made significant overall developmental gains as well as significant gains in the personal–social and adaptive domains of development.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adler, A. (1927/1992). Understanding human nature. Trans. from the 1927 edition by C. Brett. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1973). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Alessandri, S. M. (1991). Play and social behaviors in maltreated preschoolers. Developmental Psychology, 4, 257–270.
Beck, A. T. (1975). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
Beeghly, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1994). Child maltreatment, attachment and the self system: Emergence of an internal state lexicon in toddlers at high social risk. Developmental Psychology, 6, 5–30.
Berliner, L., & Saunders, B. (1996). Treating fear and anxiety in sexually abused children: Results of a controlled two-year follow-up study. Child Maltreatment, 1, 294–309.
Bolger, K. E., & Patterson, C. J. (2001). Developmental pathways from child maltreatment to peer rejection. Child Development, 72, 549–568.
Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Sadness and Depression. New York: Basic Books.
Burgess, R., & Akers, R. L. (1966). A differential association-reinforcement theory of criminal behavior. Social Problems, 14, 363–383.
Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1989). Disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships in maltreated infants. Developmental Psychology, 25, 525–531.
Cicchetti, D., & Barnett, D. (1991). Attachment organization in preschool aged maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 397–411.
Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1993). Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences for children’s development. Psychiatry, 53, 96–118.
Cicchetti, D., & Sroufe, L. A. (1978). An organizational view of affect: Illustration from the study of Down’s syndrome infants. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The development of affect (pp. 309–350). New York: Plenum Press.
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1995). Developmental psychopathology perspective on child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 541–565.
Cicchetti, D., Lynch, M., Shonk, S., & Manly, J. T. (1992). An organizational perspective on peer relations in maltreated children. In R. D. Park & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Family-peer relationships: Modes of linkage (pp. 345–383). Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
Cicchetti, D., Rogosh, F. A., Lynch, M., & Holt, K. D. (1993). Resilience in maltreated children: Processes leading to adaptive outcome. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 629–647.
Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1993). A treatment model for sexually abused preschoolers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, 115–131.
Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1998). Interventions for sexually abused children: Initial treatment findings. Child Maltreatment, 3, 17–26.
Crittenden, P. M. (1992). Children’s strategies for coping with adverse home environments: An interpretation using attachment theory. Child Abuse and Neglect, 6, 329–343.
Crittenden, P. M. (1994). The preschool assessment of attachment. Unpublished coding manual. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire.
Crittenden, P. M., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Child maltreatment and attachment theory. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 432–463). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cummings, E. M., Hennessy, K., Rabideau, G., & Cicchetti, D. (1994). Responses of physically abused boys to interadult anger involving their mothers. Developmental Psychopathology, 6, 31–42.
DeBellis, M. D. (2005). The psychobiology of neglect. Child Maltreatment, 10, 150–172.
DeBellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Clark, D. B., Casey, B. J., Giedd, J. N., Boring, A. M., et al. (1999). Developmental traumatology. Part II. Brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1271–1284.
Deblinger, E., & Heflin, A. H. (1996). Treating sexually abused children and their non-offending parents: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
DesLauriers, A. M. (1962). The experience of reality in childhood schizophrenia. New York: International Universities Press.
DesLauriers, A. M., & Carlson, C. (1969). Your child is asleep: Early infantile autism. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. N. (1959). Peabody picture vocabulary test. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Erikson, M. F., Egeland, B., & Pianta, R. (1989). The effects of maltreatment on the development of young children. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 647–684). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fantuzzo, J., Sutton-Smith, B., Arkins, M., et al. (1996). Community-based resilient peer treatment of withdrawn maltreated preschool children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1377–1386.
Farber, E., & Egeland, B. (1987). Invulnerabililty among abused and neglected children. In E. J. Anthony & B. Cohler (Eds.), The invulnerable child (pp. 253–288). New York: Guilford.
George, C., & Main, M. (1979). Social interactions of young abused children: Approach, avoidance, and aggression. Child Development, 50, 306–318.
Gil, E. (1991). The healing power of play. New York: Guildford.
Harrington, R. (1985). Battelle developmental inventory. In D. J. Keyser & R. C. Sweetland (Eds.), Test critiques (Vol. II). Kansas City, MO: Test Corporation of America.
Heid, J., & Richardson, M. T. (1987). Maltreated children’s developmental scores: Treatment versus nontreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 29–34.
Hesse, E., & Main, M. M. (1999). Second generation effects of unresolved trauma in non-maltreating parent: Dissociated, frightened, and threatening parental behavior. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 19, 481–540.
Hesse, E., Main, M., Abrams, K. Y., & Rifkin, A (2001). Unresolved states regarding loss or abuse can have “second-generation” effects: Disorganization, role inversion, and frightening ideation in the offspring of traumatized non-maltreating parents. In M. F. Solomon & D. J. Siegel (Eds.), Healing trauma: Attachment, mind, body, and brain (pp. 57–107). New York: W.W. Norton.
Hill, S. W. (1995). Theraplay: An overview. THERAPLAY.html. [On-line] Available: http://www.angelfire.com
Howes, C., & Eldrege, R. (1985). Responses of abused, neglected, and nonmaltreated children to the behaviors of their peers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 6, 261–270.
James, B. (1994). Handbook for treatment of attachment-trauma problems in children. Lexington, MA: Lexington Press.
Jernberg, A. M. (1979). Theraplay: A new treatment using structured play for problem children and their families. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Jernberg, A. M., & Booth, P. B. (1999). Theraplay: Helping parents and children build better relationships through attachment-based play (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Kobak, R. (1999). The emotional dynamics of disruptions in attachment relationships: Implications for theory, research, and clinical intervention. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 21–43). New York: Guilford Press.
Kolko, D. J. (1996). Individual cognitive and behavioral treatment and family therapy for physically abused children and their non-offending parents: A comparison of clinical outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 1, 322–342.
Kolko, D. J., & Swenson, C. C. (2002). Assessing and treating physically abused children and their families: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Koppitz, E. (1975). The Bender Gestalt Test for young children. New York: Grune and Stratton.
Lyons-Ruth, K. (1996). Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 64–73.
Lyons-Ruth, K., & Jocobvitz, D. (1999). Attachment disorganization: Unresolved loss, relational violence, and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 520–554). New York: Guilford Press.
Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. (1994). Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom. Child Development, 64, 572–585.
Lyons-Ruth, K., Connell, D., Grunebaum, H., & Botein, S. (1990). Infants at social risk: Maternal depression and family support services as mediators of infant development and security of attachment. Child Development, 61, 85–98.
Lyons-Ruth, K., Cornell, D., Zoll, D., & Stahl, J. (1987). Infants at social risk: Relations among infant maltreatment, maternal behavior, and infant attachment behavior. Developmental Psychology, 23, 223–232.
Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1990). Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism? In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 161–182). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Main, M., & Morgan, H. (1996). Disorganization and disorientation in infant strange situation behavior: Phenotypic resemblance to dissociative states? In L. K. Michelson & W. J. Ray (Eds.), Handbook of dissociation: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical perspectives (pp. 107–138). New York: Plenum Press.
Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of a new insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In T. B. Brazelton & M. W. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 95–124). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 121–160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Moore, E., Armsden, G., Gogerty, P. L. (1998). A twelve-year follow-up study of maltreated children and at risk children who received early therapeutic child care. Child Maltreatment, 3, 3–16.
National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (2007). Child maltreatment 2005. DHHS Publication [On-Line] Available: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/progrtams/cb/stats_research/index.htm#can
National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information (2005). National child abuse and neglect data system (NCANDS): Summary of key findings from calendar year 2003. DHHS Publication [On-line] Available: http://www.calib.com/nccanch/factsheets/canstat.cfm
Newborg, J., Stock, J., Wnek, L., Guidubaldi, J., & Svinicki, J. (1984). The battelle developmental inventory: Examiner’s manual. Dallas TX: DLM Teaching Resources.
Rieder, C., & Cicchetti, D. (1989). An organizational perspective on cognitive control functioning and cognitive-affective balance in maltreated children. Developmental Psychopathology, 25, 382–393.
Rubin, P., & Tregay, J. (1989). Play with them: Theraplay groups in the classroom. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Schore, A. N. (2003). Early relational trauma, disorganized attachment, and the development of a predisposition to violence. In M. F. Solomon & D. J. Siegel (Eds.), Healing trauma: Attachment, mind, body, and brain (pp. 107–167). New York: W.W. Norton.
Schuengal, C., Bakersmans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1999). Frightening maternal behavior linking unresolved loss and disorganized infant attachment. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 67, 65–63.
Siegel, D. J. (2003). An interpersonal neurobiology of psychotherapy: The developing mind and the resolution of trauma. In M. F. Solomon & D. J. Siegel (Eds.), Healing trauma: Attachment, mind, body, and brain (pp. 1–56). New York: W.W. Norton.
Sroufe, L. A. (1988). The role of infant-caregiver attachment in development. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment (pp. 18–40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1976). The ontogenesis of smiling and laughter: A perspective on the organization of development in infancy. Psychological Review, 83, 173–189.
Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Kreutzer, T. (1990). The fate of early experience following developmental change: Longitudinal approaches to individual adaptation in childhood. Child Development, 61, 1363–1373.
Stern, D. N. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant. New York: Basic Books.
Terr, L. (1983). Play therapy and psychic trauma: A preliminary report. In C. E. Schaffer & K. J. O’Connor (Eds.), Handbook of play therapy (pp. 308–319). New York: Wiley.
Waters, E., Weinfield, N. S., & Hamilton, C. E. (2000). The stability of attachment security from infancy to adolescence and early adulthood: General discussion. Child Development, 71, 703–706.
Webb, N. B. (2000). Play therapy with children in crisis: Individual, group and family. New York: Guilford.
West, M., & George, C. (1998). Abuse and violence in intimate adult relationships: New perspectives from attachment theory. Unpublished Manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stubenbort, K., Cohen, M.M. & Trybalski, V. The Effectiveness of an Attachment-focused Treatment Model in a Therapeutic Preschool for Abused Children. Clin Soc Work J 38, 51–60 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-007-0107-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-007-0107-3