Abstract
Depressive rumination is an emotion regulation strategy that is considered a major risk factor for depression and other emotional disorders. While well-established measures of trait rumination are available, a psychometrically sound measure of state rumination is lacking. We report on the development and validation of a new self-report measure, the Brief State Rumination Inventory (BSRI), in both Dutch and English. In Study 1, we report the results of a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis across three independent samples (n = 155; n = 141; n = 199). The analysis supported the unidimensionality and measurement invariance of the 8-item BSRI. We also examined its construct validity, showing that scores on the BSRI were positively related to measures of negative affect, trait rumination, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Scores were negatively related to adaptive emotion regulation strategies and to positive affect. In Study 2 (n = 60), we demonstrated the measure’s sensitivity to an experimental manipulation of rumination. Taken together, these findings suggest that the BSRI is a quick-to-administer, valid, and reliable measure of state rumination.
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Notes
We acknowledge that the recently developed Exploratory Structural Equation Models (ESEM, Asparouhov and Muthén 2009) combine the advantages of both approaches, but in the case of a single factor an ESEM model corresponds to a CFA model.
A simulated population according to the single factor model was generated, and the true model was tested with 10,000 replications of 141 cases each. Based on results from preliminary analyses, the assumed values for the population parameters were as follows: factor loadings = .75, error variances = .4, latent variance fixed at 1. All the requested replications were completed.
BSRI items 1 and 2 (partially) overlap with some rumination-inducing statements, as developed by Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow (1993). After excluding items 1 and 2 from the BSRI total score, the reported findings did not change significantly.
In line with recent guidelines (Olejnik and Algina 2003), we adopted the generalized eta squared (\({{\upeta }}_{G}^{2}\)) as effect size statistic whenever ANOVAs are used.
It is important to note that state rumination and state negative mood were measured concurrently. Hence, although theory-driven (Mor and Winquist 2002) and empirically plausible, the tested model (i.e., experimental manipulation → rumination changes → negative mood changes) is analytically equivalent to the alternative model (i.e., experimental manipulation → negative mood changes → rumination changes) (MacCallum et al. 1993).
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Acknowledgements
This research was funded in part by the Research Foundation Flanders, which supports Igor Marchetti as postdoctoral research fellow (FWO14/PDO/115). Nilly Mor is support by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF 1519/13). The authors have no competing interests in this research. The authors thank Noa Avirbach, Tal Ganor, and Baruch Perlman for their assistance in the item development process.
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Igor Marchetti, Nilly Mor, Carlo Chiorri, and Ernst H. W. Koster declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Appendix
Brief State Rumination Inventory (BSRI)
Instructions: Please respond to the following items by referring to the way you feel or think right now. For each item, please mark a vertical line on the horizontal line to indicate the degree to which you agree or disagree with the statement.
1. Right now, I am reflecting about my mood. |
2. Right now, I wonder why I react the way I do |
3. Right now, I wonder why I always feel the way I do |
4. Right now, I am thinking: “why do I have problems other people don’t have?” |
5. Right now, I am rehashing in my mind recent things I’ve said or done |
6. Right now, I am thinking: “why can’t I handle things better?” |
7. Right now, it is hard for me to shut off negative thoughts about myself |
8. Right now, I wonder why I can’t respond in a better way |
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Marchetti, I., Mor, N., Chiorri, C. et al. The Brief State Rumination Inventory (BSRI): Validation and Psychometric Evaluation. Cogn Ther Res 42, 447–460 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9901-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9901-1