Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Assessing Anxious Self-Talk in Youth: The Negative Affectivity Self-Statement Questionnaire–Anxiety Scale

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Cognitive Therapy and Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Investigated the development and utility of the Negative Affectivity Self-Statement Questionnaire—Anxiety Scale (NASSQ-A) for youth. Participants in the initial anxiety-disordered (AD) sample were 68 children with a principal diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) or social phobia (SP), and participants in the non anxiety-disordered (NAD) sample were 37 children with no anxiety or mood disorder. Findings were then cross-validated on an additional sample of 138 children with a principal diagnosis of GAD or SP. Thirty-three negative self-statements were found to separate anxious from non-anxious participants, and were combined to form the NASSQ-A. Using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analyses, a NASSQ-A cutoff score of 49 was determined to be optimal for identifying anxiety-disordered youth. Findings are discussed with regard to the assessment of self-talk in anxiety disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. t(123.36) = 9.98, p < .001, d = 1.80

  2. F(1, 128) = 1.21, ns

  3. F(1, 128) = 1.06, ns

  4. F(1, 128) = 3.29, ns

  5. F(1, 128) = .09, ns

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.

  • Arnkoff, D. B., & Glass, C. R. (1989). Cognitive assessment in social anxiety and social phobia. Clinical Psychological Review, 9, 61–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: a controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 333–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., & Emery, G. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Dancu, C. V. (1985). Physiological, cognitive and behavioral aspects of social anxiety. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 23, 109–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allart-van Dam, E., Hosman, C. M. H., Hoogduin, C. A. L., & Schaap, C. P. D. R. (2003). The coping with depression course: short-term outcomes and mediating effects of a randomized controlled trial in the treatment of subclinical depression. Behavior Therapy, 34, 381–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiNardo, P. A., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1994). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: Lifetime version (ADIS-IV-L). Albany, NY: Graywind Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, C. S., Hope, D. A., Reimberg, R. G., & Beker, R. E. (1988). Evaluation of the social interaction self statement test with a social phobic population. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12, 211–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dombeck, M. J., & Ingram, R. E. (1993). Cognitive conceptions of anxiety. In K. S. Dobson & P. C. Kendall (Eds.). Psychopathology and cognition (pp. 53–81). New York: Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dozois, D. J. A., & Westra, H. A. (2004). The nature of anxiety and depression: Implications for prevention. In D. J. A. Dozois & K. S. Dobson (Eds.). The prevention of anxiety and depression: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 9–41). Washington, DC: APA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B., Kerdyck, L., Ollendick, T., Hynd, G. W., Garfinkel, B., Greenhill, L., Biederman, J., Barkley, R. A., McBurnett, K., Newcorn, J., & Waldman, I. (1994). DSM-IV field trials for the disruptive behavior disorders: Symptom utility estimates. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 529–539.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (1994). Validity issues in self-statement measures of social phobia and social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 255–267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (1997). Questionnaire methods of cognitive self-statement assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 911–927.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, S. H., Lahey, B. B., Fielding, B., Dulcan, M., Narrow, W., & Regier, D. (1997). Representativeness of clinical samples of youths with mental disorders: A preliminary population-based study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 106(1), 3–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heimberg, R. G., Dodge, C. S., Hope, D. A., Kennedy, C. R., Zollo, L. J., & Becker, R. E. (1990). Cognitive behavioral group treatment for social phobia: Comparison with a credible placebo control. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, R. E., & Kendall, P. C. (1987). The cognitive side of anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 523–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, N. K., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., Clarke, G. N., Stice, E. (2005). Potential mediators of cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescents with comorbid major depression and conduct disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 38–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., French, H., Unis, A., Esveldt-Dawson, K., & Sherick, R. (1983). Hopelessness, depression and suicidal intent among psychiatrically disturbed children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 504–510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C. (1984). Behavioral assessment and methodology. In G. T. Wilson, C. M. Franks, K. D. Brownell, & P. C. Kendall (Eds.). Annual review of behavior therapy: Theory and practice (Vol. 9, pp.39–94). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., Cantwell, D., & Kazdin, A. E. (1989). Depression in children and adolescents: Assessment issues and recommendations. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 109–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., Flannery-Schroeder, E., Panichelli-Mindell, S. M., Southam-Gerow, M., Henin, A., Warman, M. (1997). Therapy for youths with anxiety disorders: A second randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 366–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., & Chansky, T. E. (1991). Considering cognition in anxiety-disordered children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 5, 167–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., & Warman, M. J. (1996). Anxiety disorders in youth: Diagnostic consistency across DSM-III-R and DSM-IV. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 453–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, N. J., Mietz, A., Tinney, L., & Ollendick, T. H. (1995). Psychopathology and cognition in adolescents experiencing severe test anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24, 49–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1981). Rating scales to assess depression in children. Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 46, 305–315.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lodge, J., Harte, D. K., & Tripp, G. (1998). Children’s self-talk under conditions of mild anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 153–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • March, J. S., Parker, J. D. A., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., Conners, C. K. (1997). The multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC): factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554–565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthey, S., & Petrovski, P. (2002). The children’s depression inventory: Error in cutoff scores for screening purposes. Psychological Assessment, 14, 146–149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKellar, J. D., Malcarne, V. L., & Ingram, R. E. (1996). States-of-mind and negative affectivity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 235–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz, R. F., Ying, Y. W., Bernal, G., Perez-Stable, E. J., Sorenson, J. L., Hargreaves, W. A., et al. (1995). Prevention of depression with primary care patients: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 199–222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Power, T. J., Andrews, T. J., Eiraldi, R. B., Doherty, B. J., Ikeda, M. J. (1998). Evaluating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using multiple informants: The incremental utility of combining teacher with parent reports. Psychological Assessment, 10, 250–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prins, P. J. (1985). Self-speech and self-regulation of high- and low-anxious children in the dental situation: An interview study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 641–650.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prins, P. J. (1986). Children’s self-speech and self-regulation during a fear-provoking behavioral test. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 181–191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prins, P. J., & Hanewald, G. J. (1997). Self-statements of test-anxious children: Thought-listing and questionnaire approaches. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 440–447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R. (1982). Convergent and divergent validity of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 42, 1205–1212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). A revised measure of the children’s manifest anxiety scale. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271–280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1985). Revised children’s manifest anxiety scale (RCMAS): Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronan, K. R., Kendall, P. C., & Rowe, M. (1994). Negative affectivity in children: Development and validation of a self-statement questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 509–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saylor, C. F., Finch, A., Spirito, A., & Bennett, B. (1984). The children’s depression inventory: A systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 955–967.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W. (1987). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for children (ADIS). Albany, NY: Graywind Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W., & Albano, A. (1996). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for children (ADIS). Albany, NY: Graywind Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W. K., & Eisen, A. R. (1992). Age differences in the reliability of parent and child reports of child anxious symptomatology using a structured interview. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 117–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W. K., & Nelles, W. B. (1988). The anxiety disorders interview schedule for children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 772–778.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W. K., Saavedra, L. M., Pina, A. A. (2001). Test–retest reliability of anxiety symptoms and diagnoses with anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: Child and parent versions. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 937–944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spence, S. H., Donovan, C., & Brechman-Toussaint, M. (1999). Social skills, social outcomes, and cognitive features of childhood social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 211–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (1993). Cognitive process in social phobia. Behavior Research and Therapy 31, 255–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, S., Fujino, D. C., Hu, L. T., Takeuchi, D. T., & Zane, N. W. S. (1991). Community mental health services for ethnic minority groups: A test of the cultural responsiveness hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 533–540.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. J. (1999). Sudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 894–904.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, T. Z., DeRubeis, R. J., Beberman, R., Pham, T. (2005). Cognitive changes, critical sessions, and sudden gains in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 168–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treadwell, K. R. H., & Kendall, P. C. (1996). Self-talk in youth with anxiety disorders: States of mind, content specificity, and treatment outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 941–950.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verduin, T. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2003). Differential occurrence of comorbidity within childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 290–295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhulst, F. C., & Koot, H. M. (1992). Child psychiatric epidemiology: Concepts, methods, and findings. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Sigman, M., Hwang, W. C., & Chu, B. C. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 44, 134–151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. J., Piacentini, J. C., Bergman, R. L., McCracken, J., Barrios, V. (2002). Concurrent validity of the anxiety disorders section of the anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: Child and parent versions. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 31, 335–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zatz, S., & Chassin, L. (1983). Cognitions of test-anxious children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 526–534.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zatz, S., & Chassin, L. (1985). Cognitions of test-anxious children under naturalistic test-taking conditions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53 , 393–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erica D. Sood.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sood, E.D., Kendall, P.C. Assessing Anxious Self-Talk in Youth: The Negative Affectivity Self-Statement Questionnaire–Anxiety Scale. Cogn Ther Res 31, 603–618 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9043-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9043-8

Keywords

Navigation