Skip to main content
Log in

The Role of Experiential Avoidance in the Relationship Between Maladaptive Perfectionism and Worry

  • Published:
Cognitive Therapy and Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This study examined the role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and worry. The hypothesis was that experiential avoidance would mediate the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and worry. A total of 125 undergraduate participants completed measures assessing perfectionism, experiential avoidance, worry, depression, and social anxiety. A series of regression analyses showed that maladaptive perfectionism and experiential avoidance were significantly associated with worry and that experiential avoidance was a partial mediator in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and worry. Partial correlations revealed significant relationships between experiential avoidance and worry and between one aspect of maladaptive perfectionism and worry independent of depression and social anxiety. Results suggest that experiential avoidance may be an important variable contributing to the occurrence of worry within the context of maladaptive perfectionism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). When perfect isn't good enough: Strategies for coping with perfectionism. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aroian, L. A. (1944–1947). The probability function of the product of two normally distributed variables. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 18, 265–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, J. S. (1995). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bieling, P. J., Israeli, A. L., & Antony, M. M. (2004). Is perfectionism good, bad, or both? Examining models of the perfectionism construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1373–1385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, F. W., & Bunce, D. (2003). The role of acceptance and job control in mental health, job satisfaction, and work performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 1057–1067.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O. M., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77–108). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkovec, T. D., & Hu, S. (1990). The effect of worry on cardiovascular response to phobic imagery. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 69–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borkovec, T. D., & Inz, J. (1990). The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: A predominance of thought activity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 153–158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stöber, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 561–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borkovec, T. D. & Roemer, L. (1995). Perceived functions of worry among generalized anxiety disorder subjects: Distraction from more emotional topics? Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 25–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, D. (1980). The perfectionist's script for self-defeat. Psychology Today, November, 34–52.

  • Dunkley, D. M., & Blankstein, K. R. (2000). Self-critical perfectionism, coping, hassles, and current distress: A structural equation modeling approach. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 713– 730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 844–854.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1999). Coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS): Manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flett, G. L., Blankstein, K. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Koledin, S. (1992). Components of perfectionism and procrastination in college students. Social Behavior and Personality, 20, 85–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Ways of coping questionnaire manual. Palo Alto, CA: MindGarden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 119–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 449–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, D. B., & Wegner, D. M. (1995). Origins of ruminative thought: Trauma, incompleteness, nondisclosure, and suppression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1245–1261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., et al. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54, 553–578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152–1168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heimberg, R.G., & Turk, C. L. (2002). Assessment of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg & R. E. Becker, Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia: Basic mechanisms and clinical strategies (pp. 107–126). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 456–470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmbeck, G. N. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 599–610.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, K. Y., Hunt, S. L., Frost, R. O., & DiBartolo, P. M. (2001). Perfectionism, anxiety, and depression: Are the relationships independent? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 291–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, C. J. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia, scrutiny fear, and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455–470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2002). Applying an emotion regulation framework to integrative approaches to generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 85–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, T., Miller, M., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, R. C., & O’Connor, D. B. (2003). Predicting hopelessness and psychological distress: The role of perfectionism and coping. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 362–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orsillo, S. M., Roemer, L., & Barlow, D. H. (2003). Integrating acceptance and mindfulness into existing cognitive-behavioral treatment for GAD: A case study. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 10, 223–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polivy, J. (1990). Inhibition of internally cued behavior. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 131–147). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roemer, L., Salters, K., Raffa, S., & Orsillo, S. M. (2005). Fear and avoidance of internal experiences in GAD: Preliminary tests of a conceptual model. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 71–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saboonchi, F., & Lundh, L. G. (1997). Perfectionism, self-consciousness, and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 921–928.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slade, P. D., & Owens, R. G. (1998). A dual process model of perfectionism based on reinforcement theory. Behavior Modification, 22, 372–390.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptomatic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1982 (pp. 290–312). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stöber, J. (1998). The Frost Multidimensional Scale: More perfect with four (instead of six) dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 481–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stöber, J., & Joormann, J. (2001). Worry, procrastination, and perfectionism: Differentiating amount of worry, pathological worry, anxiety, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 49–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stöber, J., Tepperwien, S., & Staak, M. (2000). Worrying leads to reduced concreteness of problem elaborations: Evidence for the avoidance theory of worry. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 13, 217–227.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Cynthia L. Turk and Randy Fingerhut for their helpful feedback on this research project. Many thanks also to Chad Morrow, Sharon Armstrong, and Montgomery County Community College for assistance with data collection

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frank L. Gardner.

Additional information

This research was part of the first author's dissertation.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Santanello, A.W., Gardner, F.L. The Role of Experiential Avoidance in the Relationship Between Maladaptive Perfectionism and Worry. Cogn Ther Res 31, 319–332 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9000-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9000-6

KEY WORDS:

Navigation